A DELPHI STUDY ON MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) MODEL FOR DECISION-MAKING IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA UNIVERSITIES

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to model Management Information Systems (MIS) for decision-making  by  administrators  of  Universities  in  South-East,  Nigeria.  Seven research questions and seven hypotheses guided the study. The design of the study was survey research. The specific design was panel study and the  Delphi technique was used to elicit responses from the administrators and the MIS experts in a two- round survey. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire. Eighty-one items reflecting the components of the MIS Model such as MIS objectives, data collection procedures,  data  processing  and  analysis  methods,  data  publication  method,  data dissemination  methods,  decision  making  areas  and  feedback  mechanisms  were generated  and  included  in  the  questionnaire.  Three  experts  from  University  of Nigeria, Nsukka validated the instrument. The final draft of the instrument had a 4- point scale of Very Appropriate, Appropriate, Inappropriate, and Very Inappropriate. The instrument  was pre-tested on 17 respondents from a public university in Kogi State,  Nigeria.  Internal  consistency reliability estimate of the instrument  was 0.98 using    Cronbach Alpha technique.   The experts’ panel was made up of 30  experts consisting   of   10   directors   of   Management   Information   Systems/Information Communication   Technology,   10   academic   staff   and   10   administrative   staff purposively selected from the 10 public universities in South-East Nigeria. During the round one survey,  the 81-item  questionnaire  was  administrated  to  the respondent. Sixty –nine items reached the panelists consensus while 12 items could not reach the consensus based on a mean cut-off point of 3.00 and standard deviation of less than

1.00. In the round two survey, the 69 items were re-administered to the respondents while  the  12  items  were  discarded.  Sixty-eight  items  that  reached  the  panelist consensus in the round two survey were retained for data analysis while the one item on which consensus was not reached  was discarded.  The mean score was used to answer all the research questions. t-test was used to test the hypotheses. The following were  the  major  results  of  the  study.  Twelve    MIS  objectives  were  accepted  as appropriate for the MIS Model, seven  data collection procedures, 10 data processing and  analysis  methods,  seven    data  publication  methods,  nine  data  dissemination methods, 14 decision –making areas and nine feedback mechanisms were identified and  included  in the MIS  Model  for decision-  making.  There  were  no  significant differences between the mean responses of administrators and MIS experts regarding the MIS objectives, data collection procedures, data processing and analysis methods, data  dissemination  methods,  decision-  making  areas  and  feedback  mechanisms aspects of the model. There were significant differences between the mean responses of administrators  and MIS experts regarding data publication  methods  of the MIS Model. Based on the findings of the study, one major educational implication was that the  MIS  has  a  high  potential  for  making  relevant  information  available.  It  was

recommended that universities in South-East, Nigeria should adopt the MIS model to

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provide   relevant   information   for   effective   and   efficient   management   of   the institutions.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Information  and  Communication  Technology  (ICT)  consists  of electronic  systems used for information collection, processing, storage and retrieval. ICT consists of hardware, software, networks and media for collection, transmission  and  presentation  of information (Pulkinen, 2004).  Information occurs in different forms such as voice, data, text and images. ICT is used to communicate, create, manage and distribute information. It includes the newer digital technologies of computers, internet, e-mail, World Wide Web (www), wireless and the older technologies of print, radio and  televisions (Pulkinen, 2004).   ICT brings about new opportunities  as well as new risks  for the goal of sustainable development.  Over the last years, the use of ICT in all sectors of education has increased dramatically and continues to do so (Farrel and Wachholz, 2003). Digital technologies have fuelled exponential growth in the society’s ability to generate, exchange and consume information.   ICT comprises those technologies that are used for accessing, gathering, processing, and presenting  information for decision-making.

Modern university education and administration now depend on robust programmes of Management  Information  Systems (MIS) to support and     facilitate  teaching, learning, research  and  management.   MIS     involves   the  collection,   processing,   analyzing   and dissemination of educational data and information and making them available to educational administrators on a timely, routine, reliable and predictable basis for decision-making.MIS, according  to  Lucey  (1989),  is  a  system   using  formalized  procedures  to  provide  the management at all levels in all functions with appropriate information, based on data from both internal and external sources to enable them to make timely and effective decisions for

planning, directing and controlling the activities for which they are responsible.   Similarly,

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Boorne (2002) defined MIS as a structured, interacting complex of persons, machines and procedures  designed  to generate  an orderly flow of information  for use as the  basis  for decision-making  in an organization.   MIS, therefore,  is a system  that  collects, processes, analyses, stores and disseminates information for educational planning and   decision-making in the universities.

The growth of information systems services in Nigerian universities began about 1990 with  the  World  Bank  intervention  to  improve  the  institutional  capacities  of  Nigerian universities  (National  Universities  Commission  (NUC),  1991).  The  specific  focus  of the intervention was on Management Information Systems (MIS), specially designed to meet the information needs of the managerial staff as they make a variety of decisions for the effective administration of the universities.  In Nigerian universities,  MIS is designed to achieve the following  objectives   ׃  to  standardize  the  system  of   obtaining  reports  and  statistical information  ,  ensure  that  such  information  are  accurate  and  timely  , and  organize  such information for planning and  decision-making  in order to improve utilization of resources (Fadekemi  &Ajayi  (2007).The  National  Universities  Management  Information  Systems (NUMIS) developed by the National Universities Commission (NUC) focused only on three major  areas  namely,  student  records,  staff  records  and  financial  records  (NUC,  1991). NUMIS was originally implemented using Dbase as a single package running on one system. The NUMIS  main  structure  consists  of five (5) phases;  Data entry,  Data  update,  Query, Reports  and  File  maintenance.  These  phases  are  linked  up  with  modules  like  staff  and students’  entities,  finance,  reference  tables,  students  and   staff   lists,  student  and  staff information.  Despite  the  implementation  of NUMIS  in  the  universities,  it  has  not  been adequately utilized in decision-making  process in  Nigerian universities  (Ajayi, & Omirin,

2007). NUMIS has not been adequately utilized in decision- making in universities in South- East, Nigeria. According to Oranu (2008), no MIS unit in the universities that use NUMIS

has been able to complete the creation of staff and students’ records and produce reports as required  due  to  inadequacies  of  the  NUMIS  data  management  component.  The  major problem is on the data component of the NUMIS. This shows that the  universities do not effectively use the MIS for decision-making.  Evidence points to the fact that Management Information  Systems  (MIS)  in some  universities  in Nigeria  are  not  efficient  (Momoh  & Abdulsalam, 2014).

However,  despite  the  laudable  initiative  of the  NUC,  experience  has shown  that information on students, staff and university programmes are not readily available  in most public universities in South-East, Nigeria. It has been observed that most public universities in South-East  Nigeria hardly utilize the NUMIS for the provision of  accurate, timely and reliable information for decision-making. This is partly due to the inadequacies of the data management component of the NUMIS in the provision of information for decision-making. The  NUMIS  lacked  data  management  component  which  should  prescribe  what  data  to collect,  how  these  data  should  be  processed,  organized,  stored  and  communicated  for decision-making.

Most Nigerian universities, especially those in the South-East, have been observed to be  confronted  with  numerous  administrative  challenges  which could be  attributed  to the absence of appropriate data management component of the MIS to guide the administrators in decision-making  in  these  universities.  These  administrative  problems  include  clashes  in lectures/examination   timetables,   clashes  in  lectures/examination   Halls,  late  release  of students  results  and  difficulties  in  obtaining  information  relating  to  students,  staff  or universities’ activities or programmes. These universities may find it difficult to collate and send reports to NUC, Joint Admission and  Matriculation Board (JAMB), NYSC and other stakeholders as most information may be contained in   files which are always difficult to locate. Decisions in these universities may not usually be based on accurate and reliable data

since  these data are not readily available  in these universities.  The NUMIS  from  lacked appropriate  data management  component  and  could  not provide  the required  and  timely information to guide the administrators in decision-making in most universities in South-East, Nigeria.

A well packaged MIS in South –East Nigerian universities will assist the university administrators  in solving  some  of the administrative  problems  arising  due  to absence  of accurate,  reliable  and  timely  information  for  decision-making.  MIS  could  be utilized  to improve decisions and thus enhance effective administration in the universities in such areas as, planning  lecture and examination timetables electronically to avoid clashes, providing the needed  information  relating  to  students,  staff  and  the   university  activities,  managing university equipment and resources, recruitment and promotion of staff, appointment of Vice Chancellors, Deputy Vice Chancellors, Deans and other principals officers of the university, taking decisions on students enrolments,  hostels/offices/staff  quarters allocations. Financial and accounting decisions could also be effectively taken through the utilization of MIS and thus   ensuring   accountability   in   the   universities.   Therefore   MIS   enhances   university management.

Management  is the process which seeks to achieve specific goals by using  human efforts and available material resources in an organization. The process of decision-making is at the centre of management activities in the universities.  All managerial activities revolve around  decision-making  and  thus,  the  manager  is  primarily  a  decision-maker  ((Turban, Aronson   &  Liang,   2004).University   management   is  directly  responsible   for  making decisions,   and   information   plays   an  important   role   in  its  decision-making   process. Management  requires  information  not  only for decision-making  process  but  also  for  the implementation  and   evaluation  of  decisions  already  taken.  University  management  is subdivided,   on  the  basis  of  decision-making   process,  into  three  management   levels,

Supervisory,  Tactical  and  Strategic  levels  (Al-Dhmour,  2010).  Based  on  the  different management  levels, the nature of decisions taken at each management  level  differs,  and, accordingly, the type of information which is needed by the different levels varies (Robert & Bostrom, 2000). Management  decisions  are positively influenced  by  accurate,  timely and quality information.  There  is, therefore,  the need  for university  management  to have the required information which could be provided through the use of Management  Information Systems in their various universities.

University  administrators  need  continuous  flow of information  in order to  make appropriate decisions. Effective decision-making in the universities depends to a large extent, on accurate, timely and relevant information available to the administrators. Decision-making is the backbone of administrative functions (Fabunmi, 2003). This is because decisions direct management  actions.  Good  and  effective  decisions  can  only  be  made  when  the  right information  is made available  at the right time to the right  officer. According to Turban, Aronson  &  Liang  (2004),  decision-making  is  a  process  of  choosing  among  alternative courses of action for the purpose of attaining a goal or goals. Decision-making consists of a number of steps or stages, such as recognition of a problem, formation and generation of alternatives, information search, selection of best alternatives and action (Aronson & Liang,

2004). In this study, decision-making  is the process leading to the selection of a course  of action among alternatives by the university administration based on the available information.

Information  for decision-making  in the universities  cannot be provided  from people’s often deficient memories. According to Aminu (1996), information resources are one  of  the  major  issues  for  and  indices  of  planning  and  administration  of  universities. Information  is the additional  knowledge  the users  desire  about  the functions  under  their responsibilities  to  enhance  planning,  programming,  monitoring,  evaluation  and  decision- making  in the universities.  Information  for decision-making  is dynamic  and needs to be

constantly updated (Heise, 2006).   Information is the chain of understanding that binds all organizations including universities from top to bottom and from side to side. To stay well- informed, and build-up their knowledge base, a  university needs to feed on a balanced diet of high quality information supplied through a varied menu of information products and services (Choo, 1995). In this study, information is data that has been put into the forms that are useful to  the  university  administrators  for  decision-making.  Information  is usually  available  or disseminated through various information systems.

Information Systems (IS) are collection of computer programmes, hardware, people, procedures,  inputs  and  outputs  used  to  support  an  organization’s  decision-making.  An information  system  accepts data resources  as inputs and  processes them into information products  as  outputs  (Lasila  &  Borton,  2004).   Within  an  organization,   the  scope  of information systems (IS) include the Human Component (IS personnel), System Component (software,  hardware,  storage,  and  networking)  (Pankaj,  2004).  In this  study,  information systems are hardware,  software  and people that perform input of data, processing output, storage and control  the activities that transform data inputs into information for decision- making process. Based on usage, Information Systems (IS) can be broadly divided into two categories  (Choo,  1995).  These  include  Management  Information  Systems  (MIS)  and Operation Information Systems (OPS). MIS is a planned system for collecting, processing, storing  and  disseminating  data in form  of information  needed  to  carry  out  management decision-making.  MIS subsystems include, Information Reporting Systems (IRS), Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS). Decision-Support Systems (DSS)  are diverse  group  of interactive  computer  software  designed  to  assist  managerial decision-making. DSS present information in a manner that is contusive to making informed and efficient decisions. DSS has three components which include a database, a model base and  a  user  interface.  The  model  base  contains  the  data  management  component  of  the

systems, which determines what data to collect, how the data should be processed, organized, stored  and  distributed  for decision-making.  Developing  an appropriate  data  management component of the MIS was the focus of the present study. Operation Information Systems (OIS) are systems serving the operational management and specialized in tracking the flow of the daily routine information necessary in an organization.   OIS subsystems include, Office Automation  Systems  (OAS),  Transaction  Processing  Systems  (TPS)  and  Process  Control Systems (PCS).Information Systems are usually developed through models.

This inefficiency of the MIS in the universities is mainly due to inadequacies of the NUMIS data management component. As pointed out by Popoola & Oluwole (2007), Nigeria university administrators are often concerned about the alarming rate of misplacement or loss of vital data and the slow speed at which needed data are retrieved from storage. Similarly, Atulomah (2011) observed  that universities  in Nigeria  generate  large quantity and quality data in their day-to day activities; but a lot of files are  duplicated  in numbers within and across  units  without  control  over  their  creations,  causing  data  redundancy  and  wasteful spending due largely to the inefficiency of the  Management  Information Systems in these universities.  Therefore, the collection,  processing, organization and reporting of data are a major issue of the NUMIS. These facts amongst others show the inability of most universities in Nigeria to put up sound  Management  Information  Systems  infrastructure  to guide the generation,  processing,  storage  and  retrieval  of information  for decision-making  process. There seems to be  no specific and appropriate MIS Model with proper data management component to provide the relevant information to guide and assist university administrators in South-East, Nigeria in decision-makings.

Modeling is a process of building framework which is a collection of entities and their relationships. According to Suzuki (2005), Modeling provides experiments, rules and useful information for designing, developing and implementing information systems such as MIS.

Modeling is a powerful technique to develop a system effectively and efficiently, and it offers many  benefits  to  the  participants  of  system  development  such  as  stakeholders,  systems developers  and  users.  A Model  is  a schematic  description  of  various  steps/processes  to achieve  an objective.  Encarta  cited  in  Ugwueze  (2010)  defined  a Model as a simplified version of something complex used in analyzing and solving problems.   This implies that a Model  has  pattern  or  structure,  adopts  certain  activities  or  processes  and  brings  about desirable outcome or product.

In this study, a Model is defined  as a design,  a guide, plan or actions that  have fundamental components which provide information for decision-making in the universities. It is composed of factors, which interact to produce outcomes or products that will guide decision-making in the universities. Different MIS models have been developed subject to the needs of the developers. Models of Information Systems such as MIS are Data Models which stipulates the MIS objectives, how data should be collected, processed, published, stored and used  for  decision-making.  Data  for  model-building,  as  noted  by Mahmood  &  Shafique (2010),  are  collected  through  survey process  using  a group  of selected  experts  who  are knowledgeable  on the subject,  and  experts’ responses  are usually rated. Data analysis  in Model building involves the aggregation of the responses of the experts on the administered questionnaire. Therefore, process of model building could be appropriately handled using the Delphi technique.

The Delphi Technique is essentially the use of experts’ opinion to obtain highly reliable responses  towards  a problem  or  issue.  According  to  Jones  (2009),  Delphi  Technique  is usually used to combine and counterbalance opinions from a group of experts based on the information  that  is  offered  collectively  in  the  judging  process.  Somerville  (2007)  had observed that a Delphi Technique is an iterative process, normally few rounds, involving a series of questionnaire, each building on the results of the previous one. The results of each

round rating are compiled and returned to the experts. Over successive interactions, experts are able to re-evaluate  their responses  in the light of the feedback to reach a  consensus. Responses  in  a  Delphi  Technique  are  made  anonymously  as  experts  are  known  to  the researcher but not necessarily to the other experts. The Delphi technique is a widely used and accepted   technique   for  achieving  convergence   of  opinion   concerning   real-knowledge solicited from experts within topic areas (Hsu & Sanford, 2007). It allows educators, amongst others, to communicate and effectively develop trends, needs, or other factors relative to a particular area of education (Stitt-Gohdes & Crews, 2004). The Delphi technique is a form of a panel study which uses experts.  The  experts as used in this study comprised  Heads of Department,     Deputy     Registrars     and     Directors     of     Management     Information Systems/Information Communication Technologies in universities South-East, Nigeria.

It has been observed by Alabi (2000) that there is inadequacy of MIS equipment (facilities) in Nigerian universities, with slightly higher adequacy in federal universities.   It was also observed that the use of MIS equipment did not conform to the prescribed roles of lecturers and senior administrative staff in the universities. Fabunmi & Isah (2004) identified personnel  quantity  and  quality,  lack of basic  infrastructure  as  requirements  for  attaining efficiency in Management Information Systems (MIS) activities in universities. In addition, Fadekemi & Ajayi (2007) observed that MIS is not adequately used for decision-making on long-term, short-term and financial issues in the universities and   that more emphasis should be placed on the utilization of MIS by the universities.  In the same vain, Ahmed (2009) also identified poor infrastructure, undefined policy gap and poor awareness as militating against efficient Management Information Systems (MIS) activities in the universities.   Universities in South-East  Nigeria  are also affected  by these  problems.  Although  inadequate  facilities constitute a problem, one major issue remains that of data management.

Although the universities participated  in the development of the NUMIS   through project meetings, seminars, conferences and training workshops, most universities could not utilize the NUMIS due to its complexity, non-peculiarity to  individual universities, lack of appropriate    data  management  component  of    NUMIS  and  poor  management  support. According  to  Momoh  &  Abdulsalam  (2014),  Management  Information  Systems  are  not efficiently managed in Nigerian universities because the universities are found deficient in terms  of  timely  information,  poor  utilization  of  MIS  activities,  high  cost  of  generating information  and unqualified  staff  to man MIS Units in the universities.  Lack of a clearly defined,  efficient  MIS  model with defined  data management  component  is a problem.  A coherent  institutional  framework or model should be established  to cater for the different types of information services, with clearly defined functions and linkage for the university administration  (Sani & Tiamiyu,  2005). Universities  should develop MIS to cater for  the peculiar problems of the universities. There is the need for the development of an appropriate data  management  component  of  MIS  Model  for  decision-making  for  administrators  of universities in South-East, Nigeria.

Statement of the problem

Effective  MIS  in the universities  fosters  the easy collection  and dissemination  of information and, thus enhances management of the universities.  Despite the introduction of National Universities Management  Information systems (NUMIS) in Nigerian universities, experience   has  shown  that  most  universities   in  South–East   Nigeria  are  still  facing administrative  problems relating to absence of information on students, staff and financial matters in the universities.

Presently, data are regularly provided by the Heads of department, the Deans and other Units Heads on continuous basis for decision-making and for submission of reports to statutory agencies. Most of the time, a lot of files are   created and  duplicated  within and

across  departments and Units without control over their creations, causing data redundancy and wasteful spending due largely to the inadequacies of   data  management component of NUMIS .  Most of these universities may possess the MIS facilities and staff, yet the MIS activities on data generation and usage are poor in the universities due to the inefficiency of the data management component of the NUMIS.  The inefficiency of NUMIS activities to provide data for decision-making  in these universities has created numerous administrative problems for these universities.

Universities   in   South-East   Nigeria   are   faced   with   numerous   administrative challenges.   These   include   clashes   of   Lectures/Examination   timetables,   clashes   of lectures/examination  Halls,  late  release  of students’  results  to  meet  up  NYSC  datelines, difficulties  in obtaining  information  relating to students,  staff or universities  activities  or programmes,  These  universities  also  find  it  difficult  to  collate  and  send  reports  to  the National    Universities    Commission    (NUC),     the    Joint    Admissions    Matriculation Board(JAMB),the   National Youth Service  Corps(NYSC)   and   other stakeholder  as most information are contained in   files  which are always difficult to locate. Decisions in these universities are not usually based on accurate and reliable data since these data are not readily available.

These administrative lapses may be attributed in part to the inefficiency of the existing NUMIS  infrastructure  and the absence  of an appropriate  and effective  data  management component  of  NUMIS.  However,  no  remarkable  attempt  has  been  made  to  develop  an appropriate MIS Model for data management for decision-making for the universities other than  the  NUC  initiative  through  NUMIS.  The  problem  of  the  study  was  what  is  the appropriate data management model of the Management Information Systems  for decision – making for administrators of universities in South – East Nigeria?

Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study was to develop an appropriate data management model of the  MIS  for  decision-making  by  administrators  of  universities  in  South-East  Nigeria. Specifically, the study intended to determine;

1.        Objectives for MIS.

2.        Data collection procedures for MIS.

3.        Data processing and analysis methods for MIS.

4.        Data publication methods for MIS.

5.        Data dissemination methods for MIS.

6.         Decision – making areas for MIS.

7.        Feedback mechanisms for MIS.

Significance of the Study

This study has both theoretical and practical significance.  Theoretically,  the  study was anchored on the systems theory propounded by Von Bertalantty. The  Systems Theory reorganizes  the university as a man-made system, which has a  dynamic interplay with its environment.   Systems take its inputs from the environment,  process it and return outputs such as information  to the same environment.  This  concept of interrelated  subsystems  or departments in an organization suggest that university consists of interrelated components or departments working together to achieve the goals of the university. The development of the data   management   model   for  MIS   for  decision-making   will   enhance   the   university administration  as the  principal officers will use the MIS infrastructure to make sound and accurate decisions towards the management of the universities. Thus, the MIS model consists of  the  interdependence  of  the  components  of  the  MIS  objectives,  data  collection,  data processing  and  analysis,  data  dissemination,  data publication,  decision-making  areas  and

feedback mechanisms. The findings of the study will either support the Systems theory or vitiate the theory.

The findings of the study would be of immense practical benefits to the university administration, the staff, the students and other stakeholders such as the Federal Ministry of Education,   the   National   Universities   Commission   (NUC),   the   Joint   Admission   and Matriculation Board, National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) and donor agencies.

The university administration would derive tremendous benefits from the results  of the study. The principal officers of the university could use the MIS to provide  reliable, accurate and timely information to make sound and accurate decisions towards the effective management of the universities.   Information relating to planning,  admissions, recruitment and  financial  matters  could  be  easily  and  timely  accessed  and  retrieved  from  the  MIS Database to enhance decision- making.

The study would also be beneficial to the university staff as information relating to every staff in the university could be easily obtained. This would  reduce the usual difficulties associated  in  obtaining  such  information,  and  thus,  enhance  staff  productivity  in  the universities.

Students are also expected to derive benefits from the results of the Study. Students’ results could easily be computed and posted using the MIS than the current use of manual computation  of  students  results.  The  problems  of  tampering  with  students’  results  and examination papers could be highly minimized as only authorized users could have access to them. Research  students could also access the MIS for  information  relating to university activities and academic programmes in carrying out their Projects/Theses.

The findings of the study would be beneficial to government agencies as reports to these agencies will be readily accessed. Statistical information and reports such as students’ records, staff strength, project completion level, academic programmes  inventory, research

resource records and students’ distribution  records in the universities could be handy  and available at short notice to the requiring agencies.

Education  indicators such as Student  enrolment,  number of university  staff,  Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Gender Parity Ratio (GPI) and enrolment for postgraduate degrees, first degrees, diplomas and certificates in the university could easily be produced and sent to requiring donor agencies.

The findings of the study would also provide empirical evidence on the availability of MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of universities in South-East Nigeria, on the basis of which improvement could be made. The study would make available MIS Model which could guide researchers who are interested in developing models for decision-making.

The study would provide appropriate and effective MIS Model for decision-making that could facilitate the adoption, diffusion and sustained use of MIS for decision-making in the universities.

Scope of the Study

The Study was carried  out in the ten federal  and state universities  in  South-East Nigeria. The MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of universities in South-East Nigeria covered seven data management components namely: objectives of an effective MIS, Data collection procedures, Data processing and analysis methods, Data publication methods, Data dissemination methods, Decision-making areas and feedback mechanisms.

Research Questions

The following Research Questions guided the study:

1.     What are the objectives of MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of South- East Nigerian universities?

2.      What Data collection procedures are appropriate for MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities?

3.      What  Data  processing  and  analysis  methods  are  appropriate  for  MIS  Model  for decision-making for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities?

4.     What Data publication methods are suitable for MIS Model for decision-making  for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities?

5.     What Data dissemination methods are suitable for MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities?

6.     In   what   decision-making   areas   should   MIS   Model   for   decision-making   for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities be implemented?

7.     What  feedback  mechanisms  are  appropriate  for  MIS  Model    for  administrators  of

South-East Nigerian universities?

Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study and were tested at

0.05 level of significance.

1.     There is no significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS  experts  regarding  the  objectives  of  the  MIS  Model  for  decision-making  for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities.

2.     There is no significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS experts on the data collection procedures for MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities.

3.     There is no significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS experts on the data processing and analysis methods for MIS Model for decision- making for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities.

4.      There is significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS experts  on the  appropriate  data  publication  methods  for  MIS  Model  for  decision– making for administrators of South – East Nigerian universities.

5.      There is no significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS  experts  on  the  appropriate  data  dissemination  methods  for  MIS  Model  for decision–making for administrators of South – East Nigerian universities.

6.     There is no significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS experts on the decision-making areas for MIS Model  for administrators of South- East Nigerian universities. 7.     There is no significant difference between the mean responses of administrators and MIS experts on the effective feedback mechanisms for MIS Model for decision-making for administrators of South-East Nigerian universities.

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