ACCESSIBILITY AND UTILIZATION OF REFERENCE RESOURCES AND SERVICES BY STUDENTS IN POLYTECHNIC LIBRARIES IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This research is focused on Accessibility  and Utilization  of Reference  Resources  and Services  by Students   in  Polytechnic   Libraries   in  South-East,   Nigeria.   Specifically,   eight   questions  were formulated to guide the study covering; types of reference services utilized by students in polytechnic libraries, tools for accessing reference resources in polytechnic libraries, purposes for the utilization of reference resources in polytechnic libraries, extent of accessibility of reference resources by students in the polytechnic  libraries,  extent of utilization of reference  resources in the polytechnic  libraries, problems  that  are associated  with  effective  accessibility  and  utilization  of reference  resources  in polytechnic  libraries,  possible  suggested  ways  for  ameliorating  the problems  that  hinder  effective accessibility and utilization of reference  resources  in polytechnics  libraries. The study employed  a descriptive survey research design. Data collected were through questionnaire from the sample size of three hundred and ninety five (395) respondents. Mean and Standard deviation were used to answer research questions 2, 4-8 while research question 1 and 3 was answered using available and accessible or not available and  accessible  since checklist  rated by the researcher  was used as instrument  for collecting data on the available and accessible of reference resources. Mean bench mark of 2.5 was used  to  indicate  “agree”  or  “high  extent”,  while  mean  value  below  2.5  were  used  to  indicate “disagree”  or “low  extent”.  Findings  reveal  that print and  non-print  reference  resources  found in polytechnics libraries are available and accessible except concordance, thesaurus and guidebooks. The findings also reveal that types of reference services utilized by students in the polytechnics libraries are reservation of library resources,  bibliography  verification,  indexing and abstracting services etc except  telecommunication  and  SDI  and  CAS  services.  It  also  discloses  the  tools  for  accessing reference resources by the students are guides, abstracts, bibliographies,  catalogues, indexes. It also shows that the purposes for the utilization of reference resources in polytechnic libraries are to find specific information,  for assignment,  general purposes such as names and addresses of a place, etc. The  print  and  non-print  reference  resources  are  accessible  to  a  high  extent  except  almanacs, concordances, thesaurus, CD-Rom Sources, online databases, and compact which are on low extent. The print  and  non-print  reference  resources  are utilized  by the students  to a high  extent  in the polytechnic libraries except almanacs, and compact disk that have low extent utilization. The finding reveals the problems of this study as, poor funding on reference resources, inadequacy of information (reference) resources, lack of adequate and trained personnel, etc. The finding reveals the ways for ameliorating the problems which are resource sharing and networking, provision of adequate funds to the libraries, etc. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that current, adequate and relevant types of reference resources should be provided by the libraries to boost the research output of the polytechnic students, the library staff should be trained on techniques for measuring the extent to which reference resources  are accessed and utilized by the students in polytechnic libraries  and among others. In conclusion, the summary of the major findings arising from the study concludes that the ways of ameliorating the problems were found.

CHAPTER ONE

Background of the Study

INTRODUCTION

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Polytechnic  libraries  are  academic  libraries  owned  and  funded  by  their  parent institution,  which  supports  learning,  teaching  and  research  programme  in the  institution. Ekere, (2006) noted that polytechnic libraries are academic libraries that are similar to those of university libraries. Polytechnic libraries fulfil both the needs of instructional programme of the parent institution and the research needs of the  students, faculty staff members and people outside the academic community through the collection and acquisition of knowledge for easy storage, retrieval and accessible to the users. Accessibility of the reference resources can be aid through the use of the bibliographic tools provided in the Polytechnic library to identify  the  information  (reference  resources)  in  the  polytechnic  library.  In  Polytechnic libraries,  these  tools  are provided  for reference  activities.  Owen (2007)  identified  library catalogue,  Indexes,  Abstracts,  Guides  and  Bibliographies  etc.  as  tools  provided  in  the polytechnic  libraries,  use  in  accessing  reference  resources  in  the  polytechnic  libraries. Through this means, one can lay hand on the reference resources he or she is looking for and this will elevate the polytechnic library status as a hub for information access.

Polytechnic  libraries  are at the  forefront  of providing  information  services  to  its communities which comprises of students, lecturers, and researchers in order to support their teaching,  learning  and  research  needs.  Scholars  have  emphasized  on the  crucial  role  of polytechnic  libraries  in research and scholarship  in institutions  of  higher  learning.  Many polytechnic  libraries are referred to as the heart or nerve  centres  of institutions  of higher learning where all academic activities revolve.  Polytechnic libraries are academic libraries that provide multi-services to their clients. In polytechnic libraries, there are units or sections

that house different types of library collections or resources and discharge various services

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within such sections or units. In circulations sections or units of the polytechnic libraries, they provide resources to the polytechnic students by placing them on shelves for browsing and subsequent use, after the processing of the library resources by the cataloguing sections. It is also  responsible  for charging,  discharging,  renewing  and  reserving  of polytechnic  library resources. It discharges bindery services to its students. In the polytechnic bindery sections or units, is responsible for the preservation of the  lifespan of the library resources. It repairs, refurbishes or reinforces them to become strong again in order to withstand the tyranny of some polytechnic users. Expanding more on achieving the objectives of the libraries, Oyelede (2004) asserted that polytechnic libraries provide such services to both staff and students with the aim of supporting the learning process such as students course works, assigned reading, term papers and projects as well as providing resources in general support of research and advanced study for academic staff. Eze and Eze (2010) sees it as encompassing a variety of activities  designed  to  ensure  that  reference  sections  includes  in  its  holdings  reference resources such as encyclopaedia, dictionaries, periodical etc to support the objective of the polytechnic.

Polytechnic  libraries  offers  some  services  to  their  students  such  as  photocopying services, the services are offered at a reduced or no cost to the polytechnic students, and the units or sections that houses it is called reprographic sections. The polytechnic libraries have a  reference  sections  whose  functions  are  to  answer  users  queries  by  helping  them  get information  they  need.  It  offers  users  instructions  to  users.  Reference  resources  in  the polytechnic  libraries are, online databases,  encyclopaedia,  reference librarian, dictionaries, internet  sources,  directories,  abstracts,  indexes,  CD-ROM  etc,  these  resources  mentioned above are being accessed and utilized by the polytechnic students in carrying out research in a particular field of knowledge.

The term “reference” is a Latin word from the word “referre” which means to turn for aid or information. It is an act of asking somebody for help or advice by giving information. There are definite forms of information  items that are normally referred  to  as “reference sources”,  which  are  usually  in  form  of  printed   and  non-printed   these  are  abstract, encyclopaedia,  indexes etc. “Reference service” is that aspect of  librarianship  which deals with the interpersonal relationship between the reference librarian and library users. Aboyade (1983) was of the opinion that, “reference  service  in any library is a sum total of all the library activities aimed at facilitating the use of  the library and its resources”. References service is the formalized provision of information in diverse forms by a reference librarian, who is interposed between the  questioner and existing information sources. Kumar (2006) wrote that, “reference  services involve spirit of humanism,  which aims to establish  right contact between  the  right user and a right document at a right time”. A good number of reference  services  exist  in  different  types  or  forms  in  polytechnic  libraries,  these  are utilization of assistance, answering questions,  library orientation/user’s  education, I  and R services,   reservation   of  library  resources,   utilization   of  seating  and  study   facilities, bibliography verification, inter-library loan, online public access catalogue (OPAC), research questions,   indexing  and abstracting  services,  photocopying  services,  SDI and CAS   and telecommunication  services.      A reference  service  in polytechnic  library  is very crucial because it addresses the problems that are facing the students in any given assignments.

The establishment of reference service be it manual or “online” has been able to bring about solution to these problems. The importance of reference service as opined  by Gash (2000)  includes:  Speed  of information-  the  indexing  and  abstracting  services  offered  in reference services help the researcher to elicit information need without waste of time as it is more or less a summary of the information they are looking for. It is also one of the ways of determining the quality of any resources since it has gone through the process of traditional

publishing. Reference services offer opportunity for database searches. Since access to these resources is numerous – in print copy, you can access through the title, subjects, authors etc., for electronic you subscribe, since electronic search offers the researcher a wide range of data bases for search. Another importance of reference service to academic work is that a searcher will have access to reference which according to Gash (2000) in printed source a reference will be indexed under the author’s name for more references to information will at hand.

Resources as generally define as society’s stock of capital, labour, land and mineral wealth, the level of education, knowledge and technology. Reference resources are various sources  that  provide  background  information  or  quick  facts  on  any  different  aspect  of discipline which are consulted, not to be read cover to cover. Among the many different types of resources are dictionaries, encyclopaedias, gazetteers, yearbooks, directories, concordance, indexes, manuals, thesaurus, bibliographies, CD-Rom, Online databases, Compact disk, maps and  atlases  reference  librarians  etc.  Dike  (1993)  supported  this  by  defining  reference resources as those resources  which are intended for brief and repeated use by many people not  for  reading  through  cover   to  cover.  Reference   resources  are  designed   by  their arrangement  and treatment to  serve certain purpose such as quick location of information resources.    Reference  resources  refer  to  the  resources  that  assist  readers  in  obtaining information  from  the libraries.  Edoka (2000)  stated  that “reference  resources  are usually comprehensive  within their scope, condensed  in treatment  and systematically  arranged  to facilitate ease of use, and must be arranged in a definite form to facilitate quick and accurate location of required information.   In addition, reference resources are information resources that are consulted for specific purpose based on the information needs of the user. According to Reitz (2004) it is any publication from which authoritative information may be obtained, including  but  not  limited  to  reference  books,   catalogue  records,  printed  indexes  and abstracting services and bibliographic.

Oyedum   (2005)   defined   reference   resources   as   resources   designed   by   the arrangement  and  treatment  of  its  subject  matter  to  be  consulted  for  definite  item  of information rather to be read continually. Therefore, reference sources are publications that provide background and factual information to a subject matter. They are not meant to be read from cover to cover, they are used within the library and  also they are meant to be consulted for specific information needs. The provision of reference sources would increase students’ interest on the use of the library as this will greatly support learning and research activities.  It is therefore  expected  that  polytechnic libraries  should  provide  students  with relevant reference resources that will aid their academic pursuit. Reference resources are of great importance today in academic library because students academic performance has been directly associated with its usage because I has aid in depth research work if well utilized. Reference  resources  provide  information,  needed  for research  by the students  of tertiary institution such as Colleges of Education, polytechnics and universities. According to Edoka (2000),  the  library  provides  resources  and  services  specifically  designed  to  meet  their requirements  as  well  as  resources  of  sufficient  breadth  and  depth  to   support  serious scholarship in all areas in which instruction is given and to encourage research, stimulate and support continuing study and specialization.

However, all the print resources are now contained or provided electronically. They contain  bibliographic  databases  and  non-bibliographic  databases.  They also  provide  such elements as publication type, date of publication and language of the  document for easy search.  Anyaogu  (2007)  informed  that  it  is  now  common  to   find  resources  such  as dictionaries, encyclopaedias, journals, guides etc in electronic format or in digital forms.

Lessick  and  Palmer  (2000)  asserts  that  users  enquires  at  the  reference  desk  are declining.  This is as a result as of information  and communication  technology  which has created a wider access to users in different institutions. However, the changing technology,

and  the  exponential  growth  of  information  resources  have  influenced  the  way  students’ access to reference section. It is based on this background  that Han and  Goulding (2003) opine that librarians have been considering how to adjust services to the new environment. The  nature of reference  resources  provided  by librarians  will  determine  the rate student access  reference  resources  as  new  media  has  greatly  changed  the  traditional  style  of referencing.

Reference  resources  assist  the  polytechnic  library  users  in  their  own  personal development.  This  assertion  is in  line with  Kumar  (2006)  which  states that  polytechnic library user should be able to find an answer  to a query in hand. Much  more, reference sections  should  develop  a  network  of reference  resources  so  that  library cooperation  as opined   by   Obogun   et   al   (1992)   can   go   on   in   order   to   facilitate   and   enhance telecommunication.  User education which is done by teaching  the users systematically on how to use the reference resources profitably is another method employed for fulfilling the objectives  of  reference  librarians  as  well  as   provision  of  selective  dissemination   of information  (SDI)  which  is geared  towards  giving maximum  services  to  the polytechnic community.

Reference sections employ various reference resources at their disposal (both human and physical format) and services in order to achieve their objectives. Thus, reference section require  rich  collection  of  reference  resources  which  include  encyclopaedia,  dictionaries, concordance,   directories,   gazetteers,   atlases,   hand   book/manuals,   indexes,   periodicals, computer data base resources, internet resources, year book, Almanac, National directories, guides, Thesaurus, Biographies etc in both print and non print format in order to meet up the information needs of her users. Enough or adequate facilities like computers, air condition, tables, chairs, fans,  photocopying services, lightings, telephone and funds are also needed.

The resources and facilities are used by reference staff or institution librarians to achieve the objectives of the parent body.

The word access means to make contact with or gain access to; be able to  reach, approach, enter, etc. Therefore accessibility can be viewed as the ability to access and benefit from  some  system  or  entity.  The  concept  focuses  on  enabling  access  for  people  with disabilities,  or special needs, or enabling access  through the use of  assistive  technology. Accessibility means that users can identify and use the  resources.  Accessibility  is not be confused with utilization which is the extent to which a product (such as a device, resources, services or environment)  can be used by  specified  users to achieve  specified  goals with effectiveness,  efficiency  and  satisfaction  in  a  specified  context  of  use.  Accessibility  of information   resources   doesn’t  mean  that  one  is  utilizing  the   information   resources. According to Aguolu and Aguolu (2002), resources may be provided in the library and even identified bibliographically as relevant to one’s subject of interest, but the user may not be able to lay hands on them.   The more accessible information resources are the more likely they are to be utilized.  Readers tend to use information resources that require the least effort to  access.  In  support  of  this,  Ugah  (2008)  opined  that  the  more  accessible  information resources are, the more likely they are to be utilized and readers tend to utilize information resources that require the least effort to access. The areas where the polytechnic library can improve  access  and  utilization  of  library  resources  to  library  users  includes  improved academic liaison in combining library and information Technology support, open access IT area with personal or help  line supports  from IT  staff.     Reference  resources  utilization therefore is the total amount of resources actually consumed compared against the amount of resources planned for a specific process (Attama, 2009).

The concept of library utilization however, refers to the extent of consumption  of library  collections  or  resources  by  students  (Prout,  2009).  The  library  is  reservoir  of

knowledge, information and human experiences but it also creates an avenue for using this treasure. Wale, (2000), asserts that polytechnic libraries should provide access to information resources; expert professional support to facilitate thorough and accurate use of all library resources, access to library resources and services to the community.

The nature of reference service varies from one type of library to another. The nature differs due to the kind of clientele to be served and the objectives of the library to be fulfilled. In  a  polytechnic  library,  reference  services  predominate  and  are  served  to  the  clientele without  any distinction.  Those to be served  include  students,  teachers,  research scholars, businessmen  etc.  Due  to  the  fact  that  their  educational  attainment,  interests,  cultural background  vary, their questions will cover wide areas  of knowledge. It observed that ‘to effectively carry out its functions, polytechnic  institutions must have libraries, the purpose being to reach as many people as possible and bring their services to the grassroots to the users (students) who wish to access.

The advent of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the role and position of polytechnic  libraries have dramatically changed which lead to  information explosion in area of non printed resources such as online databases in the reference sections or  units  (Kumar  2009).  The  influence  of  Information  and  Communication  Technology, reference resources and services have move to a new  dimension electronically.  Reference resources  and  services  are  gradually  replacing  the  traditional  reference  resources  and services. Horn (2001) expressed that advances in technology have been the major impetus for digital,  virtual  or  electronic  reference  resources  and  service  that  provides  the users  with

access and utilization. At this 21st century, accessibility and utilization is done on the comfort

zone of information seeker mostly in developed nation such as America and Europe and  it has break boundaries or barriers in world of library.

The most common types of Information Communication Technology (ICT) reference resources  in  most  polytechnic  libraries  has  break  barriers  in  accessing  online  resources through online databases, CD-ROM Sources, websites etc in Europe and America. It provides simplicity of information access and utilization by users who cannot physically contact the library due to geographical or physical constraints. In addition, it alleviates constraints like non communication and service for the users who are too shy or too proud to ask for help in person, (Ossai-Ugah 2012).

However,  despite the perceived  numerous benefits of this new trend in  developed nations  (America,  Europe  etc),  reference  resources  and  services,  in  Nigerian  polytechnic libraries precisely South Eastern Nigerian polytechnics has setback in offering these services due to computer error, failure of technology and slow browser because of lack of  reference technicians, improper use of reference tools, scarce reference resources etc. This ugly trend has  affected  academic  performances  of  polytechnic  students  negatively  and  has  further resulted to the turning out of ill equipped and half baked polytechnic graduates that find it difficult to engage in professional academic and research programmes.  If this trend is not checked, the overall effect may clog down these wheels that propel national development.

The establishment  of the polytechnic  system of education in Nigeria in late  1970s came with the idea of providing Nigerians with another level of tertiary institutions besides the  university  system.  This  followed  the  promulgation  of  Decree  no.  33  of  1979.  The provisions  of  the  decree,  among  others,  state  that  the  main  purpose  of  the  polytechnic education is to produce the middle-level manpower for the nation’s economy. No meaningful national  development  could  be  achieved  by  any  nation  without  sound  and  qualitative technical education. Nwuba (2015) posited  that  the bedrock of technical emancipation  for Nigeria is centred on Polytechnics education. Polytechnics offer highly technical, scientific as well  as  research-oriented  education  to  students  (both  male  and  female).  According  to

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary, a student is a person who is learning at a college or university, or sometimes at a school. For the purpose of this study, a polytechnic student is a person enrolled in a course program in a federal, state and private polytechnic in order to acquire educational certificate through character and  learning. In a polytechnic institution, students  are  categorize  into  two  levels;  Ordinary  National  Diploma  (OND)  and  Higher National Diploma. The need for reference resources be it printed and non-printed has been able to bring about solution to student’s (male and female) academic problems through access and  utilization  of  polytechnic  libraries.  In  polytechnic  institutions  they  offer  courses  in Computer    Science, Electrical Engineering, Accountancy, and Estate management, Mathematics/Statistics,    Library   and   Information   Science,   Food   technology,    Public Administration,  Surveying  and Geo-Informatics,  Science  laboratory  Technology,  Banking and Finance,  Quantity Surveying,  Maas communication,  Taxation, Office technology  and Management, Home and Rural Economics, Art Design, Optometry, Hospitality Management, Building  Technology,  Purchasing  and  Supply,  Printing,  Marketing,  Fisheries  etc.  Other departments Pre ND Business Studies and  Sciences have also be accredited. Most of these departments run programmes in both National and Higher National Diploma Courses. These institutions are engaged in research suitable for the development of both human and material resources needed by the nations industry and economy. The human and material resources such as the staff,  reference librarians,  reference printed and non printed resources etc are disposed to students for pursuit and excel. The training of competent personnel that would fit into these positions requires adequate and free access to well organised source of information (Adegboro, 2000). The polytechnics are staffed by qualified lecturers with a number of years of working experience drawn from the education field as well as the private sector. They are professionals who know what students need to know, and whose contact with industry makes sure  the  students  get  the  best  possible  education.  The  facilities  of  the  polytechnics  are

excellent –providing an environment to help students excel. These include fully computerized reference  library,  modern  etc.  lecture  hall.  The  curriculum  of  polytechnics  in Nigeria  is structured to provide both theoretical and practical training for students in an atmosphere that is academically enriching through their libraries. Libraries of the three federal polytechnics located  in  the  South-East,  Nigeria;  Akanu  Ibiam  Federal  Polytechnic,  Unwana-Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede Owerri Imo State and Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra State are veritable resources for scholarship and they are institutions under study.

Statement of the Problem

Despite the perceived numerous benefits of reference resources and services all over the globe, which include to find specific information, to write project and research papers, answering users questions, provision of assistance, development of vocabulary etc, there has been agitation about the low academic performance of Nigerian polytechnic graduates which could be seen from the turning out of ill equipped and half baked polytechnic graduates that find it difficult to engaged in professional academic and research programmes.

Inclusively, field observations show that so many factors pose challenges to effective utilization and accessibility of reference resources and services in polytechnic  libraries as they often complain  of failure to acquire reference  resources  to address  their educational needs, this calls for an urgent investigation,  at least to know the way out of the problems. And  unless this ugly trend is checked,  the overall effect may  clog  down the wheels that propel national development. This is why this work is set to find out if this problem could be the  result  of  the  setback  in  offering   efficient/effective   reference  services  in  Nigeria polytechnic libraries.

On the other hand, observation  by the researcher  shows that few researchers  have research on this topic, hence this research is set to fill the gap.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the accessibility and utilization  of reference   resources  and  services   by  students   in  three   federal  polytechnics   libraries. Specifically the study is intended to:

1.   determine  the  types  of  reference  resources  accessible  to  students  in  polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria.

2.   determine the types of reference services utilized for students in polytechnic libraries in South East Nigeria.

3.   determine  the  types  of  tools  that  polytechnic  students  use  in accessing  reference resources in polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria.

4.   determine  the  purposes  for  the  utilization  of  reference  resources  in  polytechnic libraries in South-East, Nigeria.

5.   determine  the  extent  of  accessibility  to  reference  resources  by  students  in  the polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria.

6.   determine the extent of utilization of reference resources in the polytechnic libraries in

South East, Nigeria.

7.   identify the problems  that militate  against effective accessibility and utilization  of reference resources in polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria.

8.   determine  the  possible  ways  for  ameliorating  the  problems  that  hinder  effective accessibility and utilization of reference resources in polytechnics libraries in South East, Nigeria.

Research Questions

The study will be guided by the following research questions;

1.   What  are  the  types  of  reference  resources  accessible  for  students  in  polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria?

2.   What are the types of reference services utilized for students in polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria?

3.   What  are  the  types  of  tools  that  polytechnic  students  use  in accessing  reference resources in polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria?

4.   What are the purposes for utilization of reference resources in polytechnic libraries in

South-East, Nigeria?

5.   To what extent are reference resources accessible by students in polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria?

6.   To what extent are reference resources utilized by students in polytechnic libraries in

South East, Nigeria?

7.   What are the problems  associated  with accessibility and utilization  of     reference resources in polytechnic libraries in South East, Nigeria?

8.   What are the ways for ameliorating the problems that hinder effective  accessibility and utilization of reference resources in polytechnics libraries in South East, Nigeria?

Significance of the Study

Practically the findings  from this study will be of immense benefits to the  library administrators (especially reference librarians), students and researchers. It is hoped that the

findings of this study will generally help, add knowledge  in the reference  sections of  the polytechnic libraries in the following ways.

The findings of this study will help the library administrators to formulate  policies that  will  help  in  restarting  the  inadequate  reference  resources  that  are  prevalent  in  the academic libraries and other libraries in general because it is expected to establish strategies for enhancing the use of reference resources and services through presentation of workshops and seminars.

On the other hand, it will help the reference librarians to identify the various reference resources that are accessible and utilized and this will enable them to acquire non-existing ones which will be of great use to the students in polytechnic libraries because it will expose to them, the varieties of reference resources accessed and utilized by the polytechnic students through the use of catalogue, Abstract, Indexes etc.

It is hoped that the results of this study will be useful to students and researchers who will want to take up a study similar to this topic because it will reveal to them the various reference resources which can enable them to carry out effective learning and research work through the use of publications in journals and textbooks etc.

It  will  be  of  benefit  to  the  generality  of  people;  business  men,  artisans  and government by widening their scope of knowledge on reference resources be it electronic or in  print  format  and  as  well  add  to  the  existing  knowledge  in  the  reference  section  of polytechnic libraries by exposing the purposes for the use of reference resources through the presentation of conferences, seminars, workshops etc.

Scope of the Study

The scope of this study was limited to the three federal polytechnics located in the South-East, Nigeria. They are; Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana-Afikpo,  Ebonyi State, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede Owerri Imo State and Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra

State and the nature of the respondents is students of ONDs and HNDs in the aforementioned polytechnics.

Specifically, the study covers; accessibility and utilization of reference resources and services in the polytechnics libraries in South-East, Nigeria, the problems that militate against effective  accessibility  and  utilization  of  reference  resources  and  services  in  polytechnic libraries in South-East, Nigeria, the possible ways for ameliorating the  factors that hinder effective  accessibility  and  utilization  of reference  resources  and  services  in polytechnics libraries in South-East, Nigeria.

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