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COMPARATIVE GROWTH RATES OF THREE VARIETIES OF ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ. ON THE BASAL MEDIA OF MURASHIGE AND SKOOG GAMBORG ET AL AND EEUWENS

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ABSTRACT

The effect of three basal media, namely; Murashige and Skoog (MS), Gamborg et al. (B5), and Eeuwens (Y3) were assessed for mass propagation of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. var. Dura, Pisifera and Tenera) zygotic embryos in vitro. The experimental design was a 3 x

4  factorial  in  a  completely  randomized  design  with  each  treatment  consisting  of  ten replicates. The embryos were excised under aseptic conditions and cultured on each  of the three basal media as well as control which were devoid of salts of the basal  media. The growth and development of oil palm embryos were affected by the type of media and the variety (Dura, Pisifera and Tenera) involved as all the basal media used regenerated plantlets directly from mature zygotic embryos of oil palm. For Dura  variety, Y3 medium gave the best result for fresh weight (0.15 ± 0.01g), shoot length (0.77 ± 0.13 cm), leaf area (0.49 ±

0.10 cm2 ), and number of leaves (1.50 ± 0.22); B5 medium gave the highest sprout rate (0,11

± 0.01) and  per cent sprouting (86.67 ± 6.67) while MS medium had the best result for root length (2.31 ± 0.25 cm). For pisifera variety, Y3 medium was significantly  superior at P

≤0.05 to MS and B5 in fresh weight (0.15 ± 0.02 g), shoot length (0.83 ± 0.08 cm),  root length (1.90 ± 0.39 cm), leaf area (0.52 ± 0.06 cm2), number of leaves (1.40 ± 0.16), and per cent sprouting (100.00 ± 0.00) while for Tenera variety, B5 medium produced the best results for  all the  parameters.  The  protocol  reported  in  this  work  can  be  used  for  large  scale

propagation  and production of true-to-type  oil palm plants within a short period of  time.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Economic growth and prosperity are central to long-term poverty alleviation for social and environmental  sustainability.  The  oil palm  industry  represents  one of the  most  effective avenues for poverty alleviation, food security and ensuring economic stability. It is one of the most efficient oil bearing crops in the world with average yield of 7 to 8 tons of crude oil per hectare (Te-Chato and Hilae, 2007).

As the most efficient oil bearing plant in the world, the oil palm provides one of the leading vegetable  oils  produced  globally,  accounting  for  one-quarter  of global  consumption  and approximately 60 per cent of international trade in vegetable oils (Coley and Tinker, 2003; Nellemann  et al., 2007; World  Bank,  2010). The oil palm  industry has the prospects  of providing employment for millions of unskilled and semi-skilled people (Patrick et al; 2013) as demonstrated  in many economies,  with  proper focus on production of commodities  of large scale commercial values.   Therefore, improvement  in the production of oil palm can effectively mitigate the poverty in the world, especially Nigeria. Hence there is need for mass propagation of oil palm through tissue culture to meet the global demand (UNCTAD, 2012).

Between 1970 and 2010, demand for palm oil grew by 2.5 million tonnes (mt) per year and this trend continued till date, to satisfy both food requirements and for biofuels (UNCTAD,

2012) making palm oil the most traded oil in the world.  From a production level of 1.6% and a consumption level of 6% in 1976, global palm oil production and consumption has grown to 28% in 2009 to become the world’s largest produced and consumed oil. The technical and economic advantage of palm oil over other oils and fats, especially soybean oil, is the main driver  of this  increase  (Oyeleye,  2012).  Palm  oil recorded  its fastest  increase  in  global production and consumption due to the significant contributions by Malaysia and Indonesia, which are today, the leading producers and exporters of palm oil in the world. As the world

population continues to grow, so will the demand for oil palm increase and as such, oil palm will continue to be cultivated worldwide.

The need  to reduce global carbon dioxide emission caused  by fossil fuel has led to  an increasing  need  for  vegetable  oils  as  viable  alternatives  globally.  Palm  oil  is  currently considered the most productive source of biodiesel fuel (Nellemann et al., UNEP, 2011) and hence, a promising alternative model for its production.  It is predicted that European Union will double its consumption of biodiesel from 11.1 billion litres in 2010 to 20.9 billion in

2020 with biodiesel representing 7.9% of energy (UNCTAD, 2012).

Before the 1960s, agriculture accounted for more than 60 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and over 70 per cent of total export earnings, engaging about 70 per cent of Nigerian workforce (Oyejide et al., 2003).  Specifically, oil palm, cocoa, groundnut, rubber, and cotton were the main sources of the country’s  export earnings  at  independence  (Oyaide,  2004). From being the world’s leading producer and exporter of palm oil in the 1960s, Nigeria has fallen to being a net importer owing to the inability to produce enough palm oil to meet the growing domestic demand (Eshalomi, 2009). The decline of the oil palm industry in Nigeria was as a result of the ‘petroleum boom’ which continued to take precedence over agricultural production  since crude oil was more  economically  valuable.  Therefore,  little  investments were made  in agriculture,  and  those producers  who  did return to  their  farms,  continued exploiting old plantings without seeking to improve their outputs.

These factors effectively facilitated the drop in production of oil palm produce (Ladé, 2007). There is also a slow  growth in productivity (supply) in recent times which is caused mainly by aging plantations and declining yield with no replanting plans, over-reliance on traditional production  methods,  as  well  as  disease  attack  (Oyeleye,  2012).  These  reasons  call  for increasing productivity of oil palm through tissue culture which is an efficient and effective

method  for rapid  multiplication  of uniform  planting  material  with  high genetic  potential (Mgbeze and Iserhienrhien, 2014). Plant regeneration of oil palm through culture in vitro has been  reported  by  several  researchers  (Te-Chato  et  al.,  2002).  A  reliable  and  efficient procedure  for  propagation  of  elite  in  vitro  clones  has  the  potential  to  increase  yields significantly.  Tissue culture is the growing of cells,  tissues,  organs or whole plant under controlled nutritional and environmental conditions often to produce the clones of plants. The resultant clones are true-to-type of the selected genotype (Thorpe, 2007).  Clonal palms are expected to eventually replace seed-derived planting materials on a commercial scale.

Clonal micropropagation  is a viable means of rapid multiplication  of elite genotype  with desirable characteristics. The biological characteristics of oil palm do not allow its vegetative propagation  by conventional  horticultural  means  such  as cutting,  budding,  grafting,  and suckers. Therefore its breeding is limited by several factors.  Firstly, it has a single growing point and does not produce offshoots like some other palm species as all the auxillary buds form  inflorescences  (Mgbeze  and  Iserhienrhien,  2014).  Secondly,  high  heterogeneity  is observed among hybrids, as well as low planting density.  Thirdly, oil palm has relatively low seed- germination rate and there are  difficulties in seedling establishment.  In addition, oil palm  is only seed  propagated  and  there  is no classical  vegetative  propagation  technique available (Corley, 1982; Duval et al., 1994).  Lastly, they are perennial crops and about ten years are required to assess the value of a progeny (Duval et al., 1993; Muniran et al., 2008) and also the  genetic improvement  of oil palm through conventional breeding is extremely slow and costly, as the breeding cycle can take up to 10 years.  In vitro propagation through tissue culture of embryos bridges these gaps and offers solutions to such possible problems. This is because embryo culture technique has been used in overcoming embryo  inviability and  the  constraint  to  seed  germination  (seed  dormancy)  caused  by  the  seed  coat  and endosperm;  reduction  of  germination  time;  production  of  interspecific  and  intergeneric

hybrids and also to provide a long-term storage of germplasm in a disease-and-insect  free form (Okezie and Okonkwo, 1992)

Improving the local capacity of palm oil production would not only impact positively on food security and  local  economy,  it  also  portends  huge  prospects  for  future  exports  that  will advance our economy (Oyeleye, 2012).  Therefore, aims and the objectives of this work are:

1.   To develop a protocol for the regeneration of oil palms embryo in vitro using three different culture media.

2.   To determine the differential sprouting response of embryos from three varieties of oil palm to three different culture media

3.   To determine the differences in vegetative growth parameters of plantlets sprouted from three varieties of oil palm to three different media.


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COMPARATIVE GROWTH RATES OF THREE VARIETIES OF ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ. ON THE BASAL MEDIA OF MURASHIGE AND SKOOG GAMBORG ET AL AND EEUWENS

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