ELECTRONIC RECORDS MANAGEMENT (ERM) IN THREE OIL AND GAS COMPANIES IN NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study was to investigate the state of Electronic Records Management (ERM) in Oil and Gas companies. Descriptive survey design method was used for the study. The study was carried out in SPDC (Shell), Schlumberger and AOS Orwell by using the entire record practitioners who work in the company’s record centers. Hence the accessible population was 55 out of 61. The questionnaire consisting of 80 items was the instrument used to collect data which were presented in tables and analyzed using percentage (%) for research question 1 and overall mean (X) for the research question 2 to 7. However, from analysis of data gathered through questionnaire, the state of ERM is unsatisfactory because digitalizing tablet and standard software packages did not receive considerable response. On electronic accessibility media; name of creator, released date and name of  intended  audience  did  not  receive  considerable  response.  More  so,  electronic  preservation methods preserving records in external archives in another location did not receive considerable responses. Progressively, electronic competence of record practitioners, providing access to records did not receive considerable responses. The study further reveals that, the companies under study faced the following challenges: Records change and become unreadable after sometime; the context of electronic  records  and  its  relation  to  other  records  can  easily be  lost; inadequate  standard software for managing electronic records and electronic records are subject to undetectable changes. All these are the bane of electronic record management in the Oil and Gas companies studied. Recommendations were made on how to remedy specific lapses and by so doing, it improves the current trends in ERM in three Oil and Gas Companies in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Among the recommendations are; adequate, qualified and competent professionals such as those that have background knowledge in library and information science, record and archival management, information technology and electronic storage system should be employed. Such caliber of staff can electronically  initiate  records  management  programs,  capture  records,  organize  and  describe records,  provide   access  to  records,  preserve  record,  and  deposit  records.  The  study  also recommends provision of good electronic resources and technological museum where maintenance engineers can work on malfunction electronic resources.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Record is what companies or organizations need to keep for later recollection or confirmation of certain events. Records could also be seen as all information created, sent and received in the course of carrying out the business of an organization which provides proof of what happened, when it happened and who made decisions. Hence, according to Nguyen (2011) and Yeo (2007)  the universal definitions of records and records management continue to be at the centre of debate among writers and practitioners in the archives and records management community. However, the majority of researchers agree that ‘records’ hold the evidential value (Shepherd & Yeo, 2003; Crockett, 2006; O’Shea, 1996). In National Archives Act of Nigeria (1992) ‘records’ means all papers, registers, printed matters, books, maps, plans, photographs, microfilms, cinematographic films, sound recordings, or other documentary material regardless of physical form or characteristics made or received by public or State offices, or by business houses or companies, private bodies or individuals in pursuance of their legal obligations or in connection with the transaction of their proper business, but does not include library or museum material made or acquired solely for reference or exhibition purposes, extra copies of records kept only for convenience of reference or stocks of publications.

Consequently,  Yeo  (2007)  reviews different  statements  about  the  nature  of records, emphasizing either the evidence or information aspect, and proposing the concept of records as persistent representations of activities created by participants or observers or their authorized proxies. Thus,  in  both electronic  and paper environments,  a record has three  characteristics namely: content, structure, and context. Content: that which conveys information (text, data,

symbols, numerals, images, sound, and vision). Structure: the appearance and arrangement of the content (relationships between fields, entities, language, style, fonts, page and paragraph breaks, links, and other editorial devices). While, context: the background information that enhances understanding of technical and business environments to which the records relate (application software, link to function or activity, provenance information) (Hunter, 1997, p. 242).

It is worthy of note that not all records are of equal importance or need to be kept”. Actually, the vital records need to be managed. Moreover, since the earliest civilizations, records have been managed by libraries; but records management as a professional discipline has only recently been established, and is still going through a tough battle to gain recognition in the world of information management (McLeod & Hare, 2010). Pemberton (1998), in describing a journey into the history of Records Management as a profession claims that, it has existed for more than 10,000 years before the formal word ‘records management’ was explicitly coined.

Furthermore,   Nguyen   (2011)   stated   that,   the   terms   ‘records   management’   and

‘recordkeeping’ are often used interchangeably. However, several definitions of ‘records management’  by various  national  archive  authorities  and  authors  are presented.  In  National Archives of Nigeria, Albada and Bower (1989) defined Records management as a process of managing recorded information, regardless of its physical form or characteristic, from the points of creation to its final disposal.   According to National Archives of Australia (2007), record management  involves  making  and  maintaining  complete,  accurate  and  reliable  evidence  of business transactions in the form of recorded information. In the same vein, National Archives of United States (2007) view record management as planning, controlling, directing, organizing, training, promoting, and other managerial activities involved in records creation, maintenance and use, and disposition in order to achieve adequate and proper documentation of the policies

and transactions of the organization and effective and economical management of agency operations. Moreover, Robels & Langemo (1999) views record management as a professional management of information in the physical form of records from the time records are received or created through their processing, distribution, and placement in a storage and retrieval system until either eventual elimination or identification for permanent archival retention. Association of Records Manager and Administrator (2001) also states that, record management help to saved and maintained records as evidence for an organization or person in pursuance of legal obligation or in the transaction of business.

In International Standard Organization: ISO 15489- 1 (2001), record management is the field of management responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, use and disposition of records. Similarly, in Business Dictionary (2012) Record Management  is  also  defined  as  a  systematic  administration  of  records  and  documented information for its entire life cycle; from creation/receipt, classification, use, filing, retention, storage, to final disposition.

Furthermore, Crockett, (2006) in National Archives of United Kingdom, Record Management functions in creating, organizing and maintaining records to ensure they provide evidence of activity, decision-making  and policy.  It also  includes the establishment of links between related records, swift and accurate filing and accessibility when required and scheduled destruction or transfer to an archives repository as appropriate in a timely fashion. In the same vein, National archives of Nigeria (1985) views, that a good records management can enable the preservation  of  records  essential  for  legal,  financial,  fiscal,  administrative  and  operational purposes, as well as for historical and cultural reasons. In addition, an accepted records management techniques extend a proven methodology for ensuring the economical, efficient,

and effective access to current information required for timely and informed decision-making (Albada and Bower in National Archives of Nigeria, 1989). More to these, Ira (2004) states that record  management  provides  evidence  of activities  performed,  events  that  occurred,  results achieved, or statements made.

Hence, Williams (2009) observes that, Record Management practice helps organizations in  maintaining  their  record  from  the  time  the record  is  created  to  the  time  of its  eventual disposition. Interestingly, it can be seen clearly that, Records Management has gradually moved from a position on the periphery of organizational attention to more central legal requirement for both public  and private  sector. Hence, managing  of records could be traditional/  manual or electronic.

It is noteworthy that traditional record management involves the use of physical objects or materials in making records available for use by organizations. Manual or traditional record management has very long and rich history but the most significant details in brief; at about

15000 B.C, the idea of Lascaux cave drawing was initiated by man. By 37th century B.C (3650)

the hieroglyphic  writing  system  was created  by the  Egyptians.  In  27th  century  B.C  (2600), pyramid texts were written on fifth dynasty of Egypt. These tests are the eldest religious writing in the world. These records among others were essentially raw materials from nature source.

In the 2nd century AD, T’sai Lun developed the process of paper making in China. This

was a turning point in manual/traditional record management. Bible translation into Ge’ez in Axum (region in modern Ethiopia) during the reign of Kaleb gave impetus to manual record management. This happened in 525AD. As time went by, papermaking spread to different parts of the world. Besides, the advent of printing in 1445 was a major occurrence in the world of manual record management.

Notably, in some decade ago, manual record management suffices in the major phases of records  lifecycle.  That  is,  from  the time  they are  created  to  when  they cease  to  have  any administrative,   legal  or  fiscal  value.  However,  the  ideas  of  manual/   traditional  record management facilitate storage and circulation. At records creation stage, record copies are known and this helps to minimize duplicates and centralized filing system which are often used. Records in active use are quickly identified, received and handled and also housed in such a way to minimize damage. More  to this, traditional upright file drawers of 23 to 27 inches of clear capacity which can contain 5 to 20 file guides, with standard folder labels are used for filing storage management which helps to maintain the certainty of original order of records. Similarly, inactive use  records  are usually removed  from active  file  space and  store on standard  steel shelving  in off-site. Consequently,  records  with expired  retention  are destroyed, but records which have continuing historical value are usually archived for formal shredding.

Hence, in many organizations and companies where records are generated, it is discouraging to note that manual records management has not been able to cope with the needs of management as a result of increase in activities and information needs. As a result of this, in some offices, filing is not done regularly hence creating hardship in retrieving needed records. Where filing is done, it is inaccurately done thereby resulting in non-retrieval of needed records. In other words, records are not taken care of physically and deteriorate fast or disappear as a result of exposure to the elements or through theft and other problems associated with manual records management are caused by fire, water, warfare, mutilation, insect attacked, mildew, dust stones.  Thus,  a  considerable  amount  of  time  is  lost  searching  for  records  through  manual processes.  This  delays  decision  making,  wastes  time  and  lead  to  frustration.  To  this  end, examples  of  forms  of  manual  or  physical  records  are;  books,  papers,  maps,  photographs,

engineering specification, catalog, gallery proof, and brochures. (Many, White, Martin & John,

2001).

It is apparent that, manual or traditional  record management  gave birth to electronic record  management.  As  a  result  of increase  in  activities  and  overwhelming  information  in various  organizations  and  companies,  information  technology  development  in  the  last  three decades has created a shift in the cultural perceptions on records management. The materials that now need  to be controlled  and managed have grown beyond  the traditional paper based on electronic.  Zawiyah  (2005)  and  Mckemmis  (2005)  buttress  that,  “a  record  can  either  be  a tangible object or an electronic format”. Waldon (2004) defined electronic records, “as machine- readable records in which records can be managed through systematic control of the creation, maintenance,  use  and  disposal”.  Therefore,  electronic  records  need  to  be  managed  with appropriate  methods  and  techniques,  which  could  be  referred  to  as  Electronic  Records Management (ERM). Electronic Record Management (ERM), “is an electronic method used to support  the  creation,  use  and  maintenance  of  records  for  the  purpose  of  improving  an organization’s workflow” (National Archives of Australia, 2008, p.19).

Electronic Record Management, “incorporate recordkeeping functions and aims at managing  records for the purpose of providing evidence of business activities through capturing contextual information (metadata) about the records being created and ensuring security control in order to keep the authenticity and integrity of the records” (National Archives of Australia

2004,  p. 5-8).  In  the  same  view,  Ernst  and  Young  (2009),  stated  that  “Electronic  Records Management, is the digital practice of maintaining records of an organization from the time of creation to its eventual disposal”

By the same token, computers and other electronic devices are used in managing of most records we use today which include: E-mail, Voicemail, Geographic information System (GIS), web pages, word-processed document, spread sheets, data base, digital image, video files,  audio files. (New York State Archives 2012, p.28), Also McLeod (2007) listed the following as the varieties  of  electronic  records:  electronic  gadgets,  scanned  paper,  blog,  twitter,  PDFs,  web content, and office automation software suits. It is also important to note   that, the technology evolution from mainframe computer – minicomputers – personal   computer – networked PCs and others electronic resources have created a new age of record management (Malerba, Nelson, Orsenigo, Winter 1999). Furthermore, all these are supported by different software packages for efficient records management such as Opus Inet, IBM-Record Managers, Accutrac-Records Management,  Web  Simple  Records  Manager,  etc.  This  is  because  voluminous  records  are created each day as a result of increase in organizational activities in which ERM has been made to  provide  numerous  benefits  to  individuals,  organizations  and  societies  as  a  whole  if implemented properly (Pearce, 2007; Adam, 2007; Johnston  & Bowen, 2005; Sprehe, 2000; Sprehe, 2005).

Hence, the overall benefits of ERM implementation include: provision of work evidence, improved   work   efficiency   and   effectiveness   for   individuals;   improved   supports   for organizational risk management, improves regulatory and auditing requirements; significant reduction  of  staff  workload  by  automating  the  process  of  capturing  records  and  business workflow; saving of both cost and  time by removing the need to  maintain  separate content infrastructure and improving the speed of records retrieval; it also support retention schedule, disposition,  access  control,  information  security  and  better  long-term  migration/preservation

options   ERM   also   helps   in   maintenance   of   organizational   memory,   societal   history, accountability and transparency within  an organizations, just among others.

In addition, Electronic Records Management, has realistic targets and project design, but requires a trained and competent professional who can take care for records in their original format, secured and monitored even under strict surveillance. Trained record management practitioners, should ensure that records are well created, safe, secured and also accessible by their respective companies. For within an organizations or companies, electronic records pass through a lifecycle in a similar manner with manual records, and serving different needs at different times. A more active management of electronic record is required to ensure records fulfilled its purpose of being created and also need to be retained over a time by the organization or permanently within an appropriate archive.

However, these strategies, call for a range of policies and processes which People at all levels of the organization need to involve in the records management processes to some degree, most especially,  the  record  creators,  the business  users  and  managers,  and  the information technology  specialists,  as  well  as  the  records  and  information  managers.  More  to  this, the department or unit as a whole needs to have a clear understanding of its requirements so that they can articulate such a way they can be appreciated by their organization.

It is also important to note that the policies and procedures applied in management of records in some organizations or companies are not up to standard. Connolly (2005) observed that, “In many organizations, record management problem is a massive one. In fact, in many organizations, records management system exists, but they are inadequate and unable to cope with the growing mass of records. Similarly, administrators find it ever more difficult to retrieve the information they needed to formulate, implement, monitor policies, manage personnel and

their activities as a result of ineffective records management”. Norris (2003) observed that for effective management of electronic records in a company certain variable should be considered such  as subject record categories, good electronic  resources, electronic elements  for records accessibility, electronic preservation methods and competent records management practitioner.

In  a  corporate  organization  where  activities  engaged  in  are  large,  it  will  be  very cumbersome to manage all their information together in a single repository system which may affect the retrieval system. As a result of this, the main activities that matter to the company’s operation and management can be grouped into subject area for effective management. Consequently,  the following subject group of records  are good  for Oil and  Gas companies: accounting  records,  banking  records,  contract  records,  corporate  records,  correspondence records, employee records,  frequently used forms, intellectual properties  records, operational records, permit and license records, stock records and tax records.(McKemmish, 2005).

Furthermore, in this era of information overload and overflow, the subject group records are managed with the use of electronic resources of different kinds such as computer, database, compact disc, digital camera, digital versatile disc, digitizing tablets, fax machine, flash drive, Internet, intranet, projector, recorders, scanners, software packages, telephone (Dagobert, 2012). The  resources  can  be  enabled,  used,  manipulated  and  modified  in  the  course  of  record management.  Some of these resources  are compatible  while some  can be used  in  isolation. However, for the purpose of accessibility, the following elements should be considered: date of creation, department number, description of content, name of group associated with the records, name(s) of intended audience, project number, publication date, records series, release date and version number. (JISC Electronic, 2008).

It is very imperative to note that records proffer information value, reference value, legal value, fiscal value, evidentiary value. However, it is not all records that have enduring value, to this effect, records that have future value with retention schedule should be preserved via the use of the following methods: preserve in computer hard disc, compact disc, preserve in backup server within the company, preserve in digital archives within the company, preserve in external archives in another location, preserve with external host agency, and creating sectional services (Ronald, 2006).

It is worth emphasizing  that, effective  management of electronic records requires the practice of competent practitioner, who can perform range of tasks with established standards need to be employed. Hence, records practitioner competent skills should cover the following: provision  of records  management  programmes  and  services,  records  creation  and capturing, organizing and description of records, making records accessible, storing and protecting records, disposition of records, having business, interpersonal, and personal skills (Alberta Government Services, 2004).

Similarly, Electronic Records Management (ERM) can be applied, and adopted in Oil and Gas companies, because Oil and Gas companies are business oriented companies established to make profit and they use different records which can be grouped into categories based on their operations. According to Gard & Hard (2004) “Oil and Gas companies operate in two sectors which  are:  Upstream  and  downstream.  The  upstream  sector  is  commonly  referred  to  as Exploration and Production (E&P) and this sector involve searching for, recovery and production of crude Oil and natural Gas, through potential underground or underwater in Oil and Gas fields. The downstream sector includes – petroleum product distribution, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies. Some of the products derived from crude oil are liquefied petroleum gas

(LPG), gasoline or petrol, Jet fuel, diesel oil, other fuel oil, asphalt and petroleum coke, synthetic rubber,  fertilizer, etc. Among  Oil and  Gas companies  that operate  in Niger Delta region of Nigeria are; Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Elf-total, Chevron, Mobil, Schlumberger, AOS Orwell.

It is important to note that, Niger Delta region of Nigeria is referred and comprises the area covered by the natural river of the Niger Delta. The region is boundaries by North with bifurcation of the Niger River at Aboh, while in the Western and Eastern boundaries are close to the Benin River and Imo Rivers, respectively. (UNDP, 2006). To be precise, Niger Delta covers all the land between Latitude 40 151  N and 40 501N Longitude 50 251E and 70 371E with a total

area of 20,000 km2  (Powell, White, Ibiebele, Bara, Isoun, Oteogbu: 1985). In the same manner,

the Atlantic ocean coastline is interrupted by a series of estuaries which form the Niger Delta swamp in the middle where the lower Niger River system drains the waters of the River Niger and Benue into Atlantic ocean with 900km2 (World Resources, 1990).

Importantly, all the states in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria are Oil and Gas producing

states which comprise Akwa-Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross- River State, Delta State, Edo State, and Rivers State. However, not all Oil producing states are located in Niger Delta region in Nigeria. Generally the Oil and Gas producing State in Nigeria are; Abia State, Akwa-Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross River State, Delta State, Edo State,  Imo State, Ondo State and Rivers State.

However, the three companies under study carry out their operational field work in the Oil and Gas producing States and perform their record management activities centrally in their administrative office in Port Harcourt as one of the state in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. More to this, Maxwell (2009) stated that the place of Electronic Records Management (ERM) in Oil and Gas companies  includes collaborative  decision  making, content management, plants and

facilities management, information storage and data operation, active archiving solution, files system assessment. On the other hand, an issue that has been very controversial  among the record management practitioner is the uncritical adoption of Electronic Records Management. According to Bailey (2007) “as far as an average user is concerned, ERM is something they didn’t want, don’t like and can’t use effectively…in fact, making use of ERM is like asking a plasterer to use a hammer”.  p. 13. To this end, the foregoing has implications for the Oil and Gas companies.

Oil and Gas companies’ record management practitioners have long been involved in a manual records management in a bid to satisfy the company’s information needs. Such services include creation of records on paper, stored in physical file, and preserved them in cabinet. These services  have  been  provided   to  Oil  and   Gas  companies   for  many  decades.  However, technological advancement has posed challenges which call for changes in records management practices in Oil and Gas companies. Though, records management exists to serve and help the companies to conduct businesses, make decisions, and carry out operations in the company. It is clear that the study is being carried out in three oil and Gas companies in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. They are Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC), Schlumberger, and AOS Orwell.

Significantly, Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) as one of the largest fossil Oil and Gas Company in Nigeria, which operates over 6,000 kilometers (3,700 mi) of pipelines and flow-lines, 87 flow-stations, 8 natural gas plants and more than 1,000 Oil producing wells. SPDC’s role in the Shell Nigeria family is typically confined to the physical production and extraction of petroleum. It operates largely on shore on dry land or in the mangrove swamp.

Relatively, Schlumberger is Oil and Gas field Service Company. Their services include logging, well construction and completions, well testing, intervention, project management, and reservoir   management.   Schlumberger   as   well   supplies   technology,   integrated   project management, and information solutions to customers working in the Oil and Gas companies.

Similarly, AOS Orwell is a merger of two Nigeria- based Oil and Gas servicing company. The company provider of Down-hole Drilling and Drilling Tools services, Fishing Services and Wire-line Pipe-Recovery Services to the Oil & Gas industry. AOS Orwell also provides fully API certified Machine-Shop Services.

In a related development, all the services and activities performed by these Oil and Gas companies are conducted via the use of electronic records. Consequently, there is a need to know the  state  of  their  electronic  records  on  how  is  being  managed,  because  ERM  can  help  in managing both small and large records and also maintain the certainty of original order from the time the records were created to the final disposal which will be used to meet their needs at anytime.

Statement of the Problem

A standard Electronic Records Management helps to maintain the certainty of original order of records and also add informative value, reference value, and evidential value as well aid decision making in the companies when needed.

It is worthy to note that the great advancement made in the use of electronic technologies in recent years has revolutionized records management practices in Oil and Gas companies and if the   electronic   records   are   not   effectively   managed   by   competent   record   management practitioners, they can become a liability, hampering the operations, draining resources, and there may  be  a  danger  of  losing  access  to  records.  Moreover,  ineffective  electronic  records

management  can  make  the  performance  of  duties  more  difficult,  cost  companies  time  and money,   and   can   also   make   records   vulnerable   to   security   breaches,   prosecution   and embarrassment.

Consequently, with the shift from paper to electronic information, many organizations find that their current electronic records are not sufficient to support the needs of their business functions. Some record practitioners find it cumbersome to manage their records electronically. Others face the problem of linking electronic records, created in different forms and formats to support their business transactions. Despite all these, it is of great concern that no study seems to have been carried out on it in Oil and Gas companies. This justifies the present study and the problem of the study put in question form is: what is the state of electronic record management in three Oil and Gas companies in Niger Delta region of Nigeria?

Purpose of the Study

The  general  purpose  of  the  study  is  to  investigate  the  state  of  Electronic  Records Management (ERM) in three Oil and Gas companies Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Specifically, the study seeks to:

1.   Ascertain categories of records being kept in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger

Delta.

2.   Ascertain  electronic  resources  employed  in  managing  records  in  the  Oil  and  Gas companies in the Niger Delta.

3.   Find out electronic media used to make records accessible in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta.

4.   Find out the methods used for preservation  of electronic  records in  the Oil and  Gas companies in the Niger Delta.

5.   Identify   the   electronic   records   management   competencies   possessed   by   records practitioners in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta.

6.   Identify the challenges associated with managing records electronically in the Oil and

Gas companies in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta.

7.   Suggest strategies for enhancing Electronic  Records Management  in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta.

Research Questions

The following research questions will guide the study:

1.   What are the categories of records being kept in Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

2.   What  are the electronic  resources employed  for  managing records  in  the  Oil  and  Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

3.   What  are  the  electronic  media  used  to  make  records  accessible  in  the  Oil  and  Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

4.   What are the methods used for the preservation of electronic records in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

5.    What are the electronic  competencies  required  of record  management practitioners’  to manage records in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

6.   What are the challenges associated with managing electronic records in the Oil and Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

7.   In  what  ways  can  electronic  records  management  be  improved  in  the  Oil  and  Gas companies in the Niger Delta?

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will be useful to different categories of people, such as Record Managers and Supervisors in Oil and Gas companies, Business Managers and Administrators, Record Proprietors, Record Custodians, Local Records Management Coordinators, Archivists, Librarians and Students.

To Record Managers and Supervisors in Oil and Gas companies, the outcome of this study will help them to get acquainted with essential electronic elements for accessibility of records when creating and storing of records for exploration and production of Oil and Gas; to Business Managers and Administrators- the outcome of the study will help them to know the categories of records to be created for their business and administrative activities; it is also hoped that  the  result of this study would  be of great  assistance  to  Record  proprietors  that is, the managers of operational units of large enterprises on the electronic resources they can be use to carry out their electronic records activities.

Furthermore, the Records Custodian is the manager of the unit designated by the record proprietor. In some cases the record proprietor and records custodian may be the same person. Hence, this study will help to know the essential media to use when accessing stored records.

The  outcome  of this study will  also  assist  Records  Management  Coordinators,  Archivists  as professionals to know the right electronic preservation methods to use for records created and retention  schedules.  Also  to  Librarians  and  students  of  Library  and  Information  Science, Archival Studies and Records Management will find the result of this study a reference source especially for similar research topics.

Scope of the Study

The  study  is  limited  to  the  Electronic  Records  Management  in  three  Oil  and  Gas companies  in  the  Niger  Delta  region  of Nigeria.  These  Oil  and  Gas  companies  have  their administrative offices located in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Hence, the study will specifically focus on Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited, Schlumberger, and AOS Orwell. Furthermore,  the study will have  its central focus among the staff that work in the centralized Record Unit of each company under survey.

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