INFLUENCE OF MEDIA ON THE SELECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CLOTHING BY ADOLESCENTS IN SECONDARY SCOOLS IN ENUGU STATE

Abstract

The  study  was  carried  out  to  investigate  the  influence  of  media  on  the  selection  and maintenance of clothing by adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu State. Ten research questions were answered while ten null hypotheses were formulated and tested in line with the specific purposes of the study. The study employed ex-post facto  research design. The population  for  the  study  was  15,929  secondary  school  students.  Multi-stage  sampling techniques  was  adopted  in  sampling  400  adolescents  comprising  of  165  male  and  235 females students in senior secondary schools (SS1) in Enugu State. The instrument used for data collection for the study was a structured  100-item questionnaire.  The instrument was subjected  to  face-validation  by three  experts in the Faculty of Vocational  and Technical Education,  University of Nigeria,  Nsukka. The internal consistency of the instrument  was determined   using  Cronbach   Alpha  reliability  method  in  which  an  overall  reliability coefficient of 0.79 was obtained for the entire instrument. The instrument (questionnaire) was administered on the respondents by the researcher in person with the help of four research- assistants  to  ensure  effective  administration.  Out  of the  400  copies  of the  questionnaire administered, 374 copies were completely filled and returned representing 93.5% return rate. The  data  collected  from  the  study  were  analysed  using  mean  to  answer  the  research questions,  while t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 levels of  significance. Based on the data collected and analysed, the study found that media such as the internet, television, movies, fashion magazines and newspapers has considerable influence on clothing selection and maintenance of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu State. The study also found that there is no significant (p < 0.05) difference in the mean ratings of male and female students on the influence of media on clothing selection and maintenance by adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu State, Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study among others recommended  that  Home  Economics  subjects  such  as  Clothing  &  Textiles  and  Home Management should be made a core subject at the senior secondary school. This will enable students  to  have  an  in-depth  knowledge  on  clothing  selection  and  maintenance.  The government  and its  relevant  agencies  should  put a bench mark on fashion and media houses on the  calibre of celebrities used for adverts because of the prominent roles they play in consumers planning, choice and purchasing of clothing materials.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Clothing is exclusively a characteristic and feature of nearly all human societies. The human race wears articles of clothing such as dress, garment or attire on the body. Clothing is anything placed on the body to cover nakedness. Johnson and Foster (1990) defined clothing as anything placed on the body to adorn, protect or communicate  intent. Anyakoha (2015) conceptualized clothing as any article or items placed on the body in order to protect, beautify or adorn it. Clothing  includes  a variety of items and  applications  such as gowns,  shirts, trousers, skirts and under wears, accessories such as jewellery, watches, belts, ties, hairdo, make-ups,  shoes, umbrellas,  handbags,  and  walking sticks among others. (Bradley,  2011) asserts that clothing provides a window into different cultures, because it usually attests to the salient ideas, concepts and categories fundamental to that culture.

1

Clothing alongside with food and shelter has been regarded a primary need of human beings.  Clothing  is  also  a  part  of  human  behaviour  that  helps  people  to  modify  their appearance through the form of hair arrangement, body shaping, and alterations like the use of tattoos, breast and hip enlargement (Kaiser.1990). Clothing are worn for various reasons, which include; protection, adornment, modesty, social identification, gender differentiation, social and religious status, communication of intents among others. Clothing helps to protect the body from unfavourable weather conditions such as cold, rain, heat of the sun and rough harmattan because it can regulate temperature in the cold or heat. Furthermore, it can provide a hygienic  carrier  keeping  toxins  away  from  the  body and  limiting  the  transmission  of microbes  to  the  body  and  also  provides  protection  from  harmful  ultra  violet  radiation. Clothing  is  worn  by different  categories  of  people:  men  and  women,  children,  adults, teenagers  and  adolescence.  Different  clothes  are  worn  for  different  occasions  such  as

sportswear,  casual wear, office wear, house wear, party wear and school uniform  among others. School uniforms are mostly worn for identification in primary and secondary schools.

Secondary school is the next level of education after the primary school. According to the National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004), secondary education is the education children receive after primary education and before the tertiary education. The secondary schools in Nigeria are categories under senior and junior secondary schools.  Senior secondary school education is made up of three years duration of learning due  to the new 9-3-4 system of education (NERDC, 2008). Some secondary schools comprise of boys & girls from different cultural, religious and socio-economic  background. This study will however focus on boys and girls in senior secondary schools because boys and girls differ on how they react to an environment  depending  on  their mood. In Nigeria,  secondary school age range  is on the average of 12 to 18 years. This age group is usually referred to as adolescence.

Adolescence  is the age between childhood  and adulthood.  According  to  Santrock (2007),  adolescence  is  a  transitional  period  in  the  human  life  linking  childhood  and adulthood. World Health Organization (2013) identified adolescence as the period in human growth and development that occurs after childhood and before adulthood, from ages 10 to

19. It represents one of the critical transitions in an individual’s life span and is characterized by a tremendous  pace in growth and change that is second  only to that  of infancy.  The Adolescence is characterised by intensive biological, cognitive and socio-economic changes. Rumsey (2002) opines that the physical and psychological changes in puberty increase the strength of the focus on the body. It is also a period in which the anxieties on the body images are most distinct (Stice & Shaw, 2002). At this  stage, career interest, dating and identity exploration are often pronounced  and at early adolescence they are often characterised  by self-consciousness of intense introspection and the search of an identity. The people in this developmental  age  are  called   adolescents.  Adolescents,  both  boys  and  girls,  try  new

hairstyles and different ways of dressing. They begin to develop images about what  their bodies look like and the anxiety on the body looks become strong. In these  endeavours, clothing  is  used  as  a  means  of  declaring  independence  by  adolescents.  The  researcher observed that adolescents between the age ranges of 12-18 always try to dress to conform to their peer group standard which often does not always meet the  family standard, and this usually brings conflict between adolescents and other members of the family especially the parents. They often reject clothes bought by their  parents especially if they feel it does not conform  to their  peers’ standard  and what  they have seen models put on.    The concern regarding  physical  appearance  and  independence  becomes  even greater  when adolescents receive messages from mass media about specific standards of physical appearance attributed to men and women  (Mishra,  Dayal & Mishra,  2012). Hence, the media can have a very powerful influence on the clothing selection practices of adolescence.

Mass media refers collectively to all media technologies  which are used for  mass communication  and  the  organisations  which  control  these  technologies.  Livesey  (2011) defined mass media as channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way, shape or form to large numbers of the people. Types of media include electronic or broad cast and print media. Electronic media is the kind of media which requires the user to utilize an electric connection to access it. It includes television, radio, and new-age media such   as   the   Internet,   computers,   telephones   etc.   Print   media   encompasses   mass communication  through printed  material. It includes newspapers,  magazines,  booklets and brochures,  house magazines,  periodicals  or newsletters,  direct mailers, handbills or flyers, billboards,  press releases,  and books. Electronic  media exert a powerful influence  on the users as they affect the eyes, ears and the mind simultaneously. They play a significant role in shaping public perception on a variety of important issues both through the information that is dispersed  and through the interpretation it places upon this information.   Television and

movies  combine  relative  images  with  sound  to  form  persuasive  messages  and  colourful images to influence and persuade consumers. Influence is a power affecting a person, thing or course of events, especially one that operates without any direct or apparent effort. Television has a key role in clothing advertisement and thus a major media that has the highest influence on adolescents because most families especially in Enugu state have satellite television at home. The internet is a type of electronic media that uses visual, sound and colourful graphic and  comics  to  influence  consumer’s   buying  practices.  While  fashion  magazines  and newspapers are only visual media  that make use of size, positioning, attractive caption to create  awareness  of  the  latest  fashion  in  vogue.  Generally,  the  media  exert  enormous influence  over  the  issues  of  men,  women,  children  and  adolescents  particularly  among teenagers on the way they dress, talk, behave and think. Many fashion industries advertise their  clothing  business  through  the  internet,  television,  movies,  fashion  magazines  and newspapers. New fashion styles gain popularity through media adverts.

Advertisement  is  a  form  of  marketing  communication  used  to  promote  or  sell something, usually a business product such as article of clothing or service such as laundry services. The purpose of clothing advertisement is to convince customers that a company’s services  or  products  are  the  best,  announce  new  products,  reinforce  the  sales  people’s individual messages, and draw customers. Furthermore fashion industry bombard the public clothing article by using celebrities who are regarded  as models  in the society of whom adolescents   imitate.  Schlecht  (2003)  defined   celebrities   as   people  who  enjoy  public recognition  by a large  share of a certain  group  of people.  Celebrities  could be from the entertainment  industry, sports world, business sector,  politics and fashion shows and other areas.  Celebrities  are often involved  in  advertising  campaigns  such as television  or print adverts to advertise specific or  general products. For example, when celebrities share their favourite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers they influence consumers

to buy the products. The media make use of fashion programmes such as sale  promotion. Sales promotions includes: free gifts, perfect images of models and super stars, celebrities, persistent repetition of images, colourful pictures and photographs, spontaneous adverts, eye catching messages, elaborate designs, powerful images,  animation and graphics in clothing adverts.

These  fashion  programmes  appeal  and  influences  adolescents  to  buy  expensive dresses,  shoes,  and  jewelleries.  Many adolescents  try to  behave  like  models viewed  on internet,  television  and  movies.  Some  make  hair-do  of favourite  celebrities,  demand  for designers clothes. Many adolescents specifically boys change the legs of their slacks to be a peg or a wider style, sag knickers and wear jackets that are tight, while girls adjust skirt length, wear revelling  blouse such as spaghetti  straps  tops,  skimpy skirts, topless dresses, miniskirts, transparent clothing and hair styles and among others (White, 1994). Adolescents of nowadays do  not  appreciate  the  normal  wears  because  they  want  to  go  modern;  the  effect  of westernization to the rich dressing of our culture. The role played by clothing in identification of tribe, religion and culture have faded because they are giving way to westernization. Today some boys plait and perm their hair, wear ear-rings while the girls wear miniskirts, strapless blouses, tight-fitting gowns hence gender differentiation is becoming difficult at times. Then one begins to wonder with the trends of things where the society and its culture are going with such  clothing.  These  forms  of  dressing  are  regarded  as  immodest  dressing  and  are  not culturally accepted in some societies. Such clothes when worn by the females can be  major cause of rape, sexually immorality, child pregnancy and moral decadence among adolescents in Enugu state. Hence, Okafor (2007) opined that people copy, select and choose clothing styles they like from television stations, fashion catalogues, magazines, newspapers, journals and film shows as well as through fashion shows and demonstrations.

Clothing selection involves making a decision of what type or style of clothing to buy. Clothing  selection  of  any  individual  includes  all  the  procedure  involved  in  planning, shopping and wearing of clothes (Anyakoha  & Eluwa, 1991). Clothing  selection  is not a random or totally an individual affair but a social activity and also the act of making choice. It also involves making a decision out of many available options to an individual. Clow and Baack (2007) postulates six steps a buyer goes through when making a purchase: awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and finally purchasing. Individuals select clothing that will reflect much about the person, such as  one’s image, personality, values, attitudes, beliefs or moods.  Clayton (1994) reasoned that clothing which makes an individual feel good wand flatter his or her appearance is the best clothing choice because the clothes one wears determines the influence  he  makes on the individual; this is called first impression. Larbs (1995) asserted that one  never gets a chance to make a good first impression.  Therefore, improper dressing leads to not only negative impression and value judgement on the receiver, by the  observer,  but also  negative  response  and  feedback.  Adolescents  express  need  for conformity with their peer group and independence  by choosing clothing that is worn  by others  in  the  group  without  considering  the  fit,  colour,  occasion,  durability,  safety  and weather condition of the clothes.

Wrong selection of clothes can lead to denial of attention or rejection in interpersonal relationships  as well as humiliation,  sexual  harassment,  rape,  chronic  diseases  and death (Offor, 2002). The selection of clothes and accessories is both an art and a science and in other to improve one’s taste in clothing selection, one will find that a study of the principles of  design  (line,  shape,  space,  texture  and  colour)  will  help  (Anyakoha,  2015).  Hence, adolescents  need to be properly guided on clothing  selection and care otherwise the time, energy and money spend on their clothing will  amount to futile effort. This is because if clothing is to perform its useful and social functions, it has to be properly selected for specific

purposes and function, irrespective of the age of the wearer. Moreover, in selecting clothing, it is important to decide how to use, wear, care and maintain it.

Clothing maintenance involves taking proper care of clothes through good laundering and mending techniques. According to Mba (2001), laundering is the washing of clothes to make them clean, fresh, and new to last longer after use. Laundry of clothes is done to make clothes new and attractive. During laundry, stains are removed, clothes are stiffened, pressed or ironed to give it a smooth appearance and to help them last longer. Clothing suffers both assaults from both within and without. Since the human body sheds skin cells and body oils and exudes sweats,  urine and faeces on  the clothing,  they, therefore need to be properly laundered. Lyle and Brinkley (1997) states that care label on a garment tell you what kind of laundering and cleaning care the garment requires. Care of clothes are the procedures through which clothes receives attention for durability. Clayton (1994) states that care of clothes on a regular  basis  helps  to  keep  them  in  ready to  wear  condition  thereby  saving  money  by prolonging  the  utility  and  enjoyment  of  the  clothes.  This  should  also  be  a  priority  of secondary school adolescents in Enugu state.

Enugu state is located in the Southern Eastern region of Nigeria. Enugu state is also made up of six (6) education zones namely; Agbani, Awgu, Enugu, Nsukka, Obollo-Afor and Udi. It is an Igbo  speaking  state,  consisting  of seventeen  local  government  areas and is habited by people of different age groups and sexes. Enugu state is known to be a capital city since the time of Eastern region and it has made some advances in science, technology and education.  This  has  led to high rate of business  activities  such as boutiques,  media  and electronic houses. This in turn has influenced the way youths and adolescents behave, talk and dress more especially in the adolescents dressing.

Adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu are among the consumers of various media like internet, Television, newspaper, etc. They follow up the adverts and promotions placed by clothing  industries  and  businesses.  The  knowledge  and  experience  they  gain  from  the clothing and models they view in the media may lead to wearing different forms and styles of clothing, this can lead to many negative practices and vices as observed in the communities within the state. However, the question still is : How, do  the media influence the clothing selection and maintenance of secondary school students in Enugu state. The thrust of this study is to investigate how the media influence the adolescents in their clothing selection and maintenance.

Statement of problem

Adolescents need to be properly guided on clothing selection and care otherwise the time,  energy  and  money  spent  on  their  clothing  will  amount  to  futile  effort.  Usually adolescents  need  new  clothing  to  replace  old  ones.  This  is  as  a  result  of  the  rapid physiological  changes  in  their  body.  Adolescents  use  clothing  as  a  means  of  declaring independence  and  they  often  reject  clothes  bought  by  their  parents.  To  cope  with  this challenge, they select and copy dress styles they like from other people. They spend so much time  watching  television  and  movies,  reading  fashion  magazines  and  newspapers  and browsing the internet for latest styles to buy and  wear  without considering their care and maintenance.

The media,  (both electronic  and print media)  is the  major avenue  through  which fashion industries display their latest fashion styles to the public through advertisement on the internet, television, movies, fashion magazines and newspapers. Only the fashion industries who reach an agreement with the various media are allowed to advertise their fashion goods. Hence,  there  is an intense  competition  among them  and to this end they use intensified adverts and sales promotion such as low price, free delivery, use of celebrities and coupons.

Also the high rate of fashion programmes such as celebrities brand name, persistent repetition of images, colourful pictures and photographs, spontaneous adverts, eye catching messages, elaborate designs, powerful images, animation and graphics in clothing adverts are used to attract the adolescents and other customers. This has made many adolescents to try to behave like models viewed on the internet, television and movies. Some make hair-do of favourite celebrities, demand for designer’s clothes, desire to enrol for beauty pageant, cat walk like model, and desire to look attractive like football super stars.

Many adolescents (boys and girls) reject clothes bought by their parents and  select clothing without considering the weather, fit of the garment, the activities to use the clothes, the durability of clothes, clothes for different occasion and culture of the society. Adolescent girls often wear revealing clothes such as spaghetti straps, see-through gowns and miniskirts in order to show off beautiful parts of their body like straight legs, large hips and bust. They often make  irrational  demand  for designers’  dresses,  shoes,  handbags  and other  clothing accessories. Moreover adolescent boys perm and plait their hair, and sags their trousers too because they want to imitate or model favourite celebrities they see on the media. These have lead  to  conflicts  in some  homes  and  too  many expenses  on adolescents  clothing.  Some adolescents  do not only go to wear both immodest and anti-cultural dresses but spend so much money on clothing without recourse to the maintenance of the clothing they buy and wear.  Considering  this  general  concern  and  worry  on  adolescents  unrestricted  clothing demands, and lack of clothing care culture, it has therefore become imperative to investigate the influence of the media on clothing selection and maintenance by adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state, Nigeria.

Purpose of the study

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of media on  the selection and maintenance of clothing by adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu  state. Specifically, the study investigated the influence of:

1.     Internet on the clothing selection of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state

(electronic media).

2.   Television on clothing selection of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state

(electronic media).

3.   Movies  on clothing  selection  of adolescents  in secondary schools  in Enugu  state

(electronic media).

4.   Fashion  magazines  on clothing  selection  of  adolescents  in  secondary  schools  in

Enugu state (print media).

5.   Newspapers on clothing selection of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state

(print media).

6.   The internet on clothing maintenance of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state (electronic media).

7.   Television on clothing maintenance  of adolescents  in secondary schools in  Enugu state (electronic media).

8.   Movies on clothing maintenance of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state

(electronic media).

9.   Fashion magazine on clothing maintenance of adolescents  in secondary schools  in

Enugu state (print media).

10. Newspapers on clothing maintenance of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state (print media).

Significance of the study

The  findings  of  this  study  when  implemented  will  be  of  immense  benefit   to Educational    Administrators,    Home   Economics    teachers,    Curriculum    Planners    and Educational Researchers, adolescents, parents and the society.

The finding of this study will be of immense benefit to educational administrators in the ministry of education. This is because the information that will be generated  from the study will guide them to organize seminars and workshops to enlighten teachers (especially Home Economics teachers) on the influence of electronic (internet, television, movies) and print (fashion magazine & newspaper) media on the clothing selection and maintenance of adolescents in secondary schools. The findings of the study will assist the administrators to mount enlightenment  campaigns for people,  especially the adolescents to be selecting and maintaining their clothing based on media influences.

The  findings  of  this  study  will  also  be  useful  to  home  economics  teachers  in particular.  This  is  because  the  information  that  will  be  gained  from  the  seminars  and workshop  organised  based  on the  findings  of the  study would  enlighten them  and  their students  during  classroom  teachings  on  the  influence  of  electronic  (internet,  television, movies) and print (fashion magazine & newspaper) media on the selection and maintenance of clothing by adolescents..

The study will also be of benefit to adolescent students because it will help them to understand the importance of making wise decision in terms of clothing choice as well as the need to dress properly since one is addressed the way he/she is dressed. The enlightenment will also help them to understand that most of the images advertised and seen on the media are not always realistic and ideal for them. Furthermore,  the  knowledge  gained  from this study will help the students to choose Home Economics subjects like Clothing & Textiles and

Home  Management  as  a  subject  in  the  senior  secondary  level.  This  will  enhance  their knowledge more on influence of electronic (internet, television, movies) and print (fashion magazine & newspaper) media on clothing selection and maintenance.

The change in the clothing lifestyle of adolescents brought about by the enlightenment will help to curb indecent dressing, rape, immorality and decadence among adolescents which has been a major challenge in the society today. These changes will reflect in the society because the social menace brought about by indecent dressing will stop, thereby, restoring the rich culture and values of the society. The adolescents will also gain more knowledge on the influence   of  electronic   (internet,   television,   movies)  and  print  (fashion  magazine   & newspaper) media on clothing selection and maintenance.

Curriculum planners will also benefit from the findings of this study if adopted. This is because the findings will afford them the opportunity to know the influence of media on clothing selection and maintenance by adolescents in secondary schools. The information will help them in developing or bringing innovation in the curriculum that will help to enlighten students  on  the  influence  of  electronic  (internet,  television,  movies)  and  print  (fashion magazine & newspaper) media on the clothing selection and maintenance by adolescents in secondary  schools.  The findings  would  greatly  assist  the curriculum  review  and  update, especially with regards to clothing selection and maintenance.

Educational  Researchers  will  also  benefit  from  the  findings  of  this  study  when published. This is because the information will provide empirical data on the  influence of media  on clothing  selection  and  maintenance  by adolescents  in  secondary  schools.  The information will also serve as a guide to researchers in their  future research studies on the influence   of  electronic   (internet,   television,   movies)   and  print  (fashion  magazine   &

newspaper) on clothing selection and maintenance  by adolescents  in secondary schools  in

Enugu state.

Government  will  also  benefit  from  the  findings  of  this  study  if  adopted.  The information  on  influence  of  electronic  (internet,  television,  movies)  and  print  (fashion magazine & newspaper) on clothing selection and maintenance will guide the government to initiate policies that will help in regulating what the media (satellite TV, movie, fashion and entertainment industry) display to the public. Also, it will help the government to introduce measures  that will penalize  adverts and  shows  that can  negatively  influence  the clothing choice and lifestyles of adolescents. Furthermore, the study will help government to ensure that fashion industries in Nigeria produce garments that are morally acceptable in the society. Government through the findings of this study will also ensure that care labels are attached to garments to enable adolescents to take proper care of their clothing.

Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study.

1.   What  influence  does  the  internet  have  on  clothing  selection  of  adolescents  in secondary schools in Enugu state?

2.   What influence does television have on clothing selection of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state?

3.   What influence does movies have on clothing selection of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state?

4.   What influence does fashion magazine have on clothing selection of adolescents  in secondary schools in Enugu state?

5.   What  influence  does  newspapers  have  on  clothing  selection  of  adolescents  in secondary schools in Enugu state?

6.   What  influence  does  the  internet  have on clothing  maintenance  of adolescents  in secondary schools in Enugu state?

7.   What  influence  does  television  have  on  clothing  maintenance  of  adolescents  in secondary schools in Enugu state?

8.   What influence does movie have on clothing maintenance of adolescents in secondary school in Enugu state?

9.   What influence does fashion magazines have on clothing maintenance of adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state?

10. What  influence  does  newspapers  have  on  clothing  selection  of  adolescents  in secondary schools in Enugu state?

Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses formulated for this study were tested at 0.05 level of significance:

Ho1    There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of the internet on their clothing selection.

Ho2     There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of television on their clothing selection.

Ho3        There  is  no  significant  difference  in  the  mean  responses  of  male  and  female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of movies on their clothing selection.

Ho4        There  is  no  significant  difference  in  the  mean  responses  of  male  and  female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of fashion magazine on their clothing selection.

Ho5     There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of newspaper on clothing their selection.

Ho6   There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu  state on the influence  of internet  on  their clothing maintenance.

Ho7   There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of television on their clothing maintenance.

Ho8   There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu  state on the influence  of movies on  their clothing maintenance.

Ho9    There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents

in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of fashion magazine on  their clothing maintenance.

Ho10  There is no significant difference in the mean responses of male and female adolescents in secondary schools in Enugu state on the influence of newspaper on their clothing maintenance.

Scope of the study

The study was delimited to investigating the influence of media on the selection and maintenance of clothing by adolescents in secondary schools in the six education zones in Enugu State. The study focused on the influence of five media: television, movies, internet, fashion  magazines  and  newspaper  on clothing  selection  and  maintenance  of adolescents (boys & girls) in secondary schools in Enugu state. The  students used for the study were between the ages of 13-18 years.

₦5,000.00 – DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT Added to cart

---

---

---

---

---

Related Project Topics :