PROVISION AND UTILIZATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL IN NKANU EDUCATION ZONE

Abstract

The study aims at providing a research work on the provision and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment in secondary schools in Nkanu Education zone. In this study, descriptive survey research design was used. Population.  For  the  study  comprised  all  the  principals  and  professional physical education teachers in public funded secondary schools in the zone. The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire which was developed on four point scale of strongly agreed, agreed, disagreed and strongly disagreed. Data collected from the respondents were analysed using mean and standard deviation. A mean of 2.50 and above is the acceptance level Chi- square test statistics was used to test the null hypothesis formulated for the study. Specific Objectives and research question were formulated to guide the study. Education facilities and equipment for team sports that are planned for in secondary schools ion Nkanu education zone. The following findings were revealed. Physical education facilities that are planned for in Nkanu education zone secondary schools for team sports are football pitches, handball court, volley- ball court and in some cases basketball courts. Physical education facilities for team sports that are provided for in secondary schools in Nkanu education zone are football pitches handball and volleyball. Physical education facilities  for  team sports  that  are  utilized  in  secondary schools  in  Nkanu education  zone   are   football  pitches   Physical  education  equipment  for individual and team sports that are provided in Nkanu education zone are football, track and field events, volleyball, hand ball and basketball.  Physical education equipment for team and individual sports that are utilized in secondary schools in Nkanu education zone are football, and volleyball only.

Background to the study

CHAPTER ONE Introduction

Provision and utilization of physical education, facilities and equipment in secondary school such as ball games, sports courts, weight and exercise rooms, foot ball pitches, arenas, climbing walls and gymnasia include not only the effective scheduling, operation and maintenance of such facilities, supplies and equipment but also at times planning new structures to keep pace with the demand for participation in physicals education and sports programme of the school. Flynn (2011) opined that order to catch them young Nigeria secondary schools physical education requires a variety of physical education facilities, supplies and equipment both indoors and outdoors. The relative needs of the students should be recognized in the planning of facilities, scheduling for their use and the purchase of supplies and equipment need vary according to wide range of factors, including the level of programme or participants, age of the student group, type of activity being offered, number of participants and of course finance.

Abikoye,         (2010)  stated  that  provision and  utilization  of physical education facilities, equipment and supplies are important aspect of physical education and sports management. Excellent programme is the key word in physical education and sports competition  and  this  requires  well  equipped  good  play  ground  for  training,  standard facilities and equipment are essential pre-requisites to good and impressive performance. Lack of adequate and standard facilities and equipment hampers physical education programmes in many ways.

Adedeji (2010 pointed out that there must be sufficient motivation in the form of attractiveness of facilities, equipment and supplies to captivate students’ interest to participate in games. Facilities and equipment in this country are simply not good enough and are hindrance to physical education. Okomma (2012) stated that effective performance of  physical  education  programmes  in  secondary  schools  involve  the  determination, allocation and proper plans, construction and selection of materials for easier maintenance.

Nothing is more embarrassing than a new facility that is a maintenance nightmare because of poor management decisions in design and planning phases of the construction processes.

Cohen (2011) stated that secondary school physical education programme is characterized by individual and life time sports as well as by team game activities. This emphasis, together with the popularity of recreational and inter-scholastic sports and the fact that facilities, equipment and supplies are typically needed for recreational use, there is the need to provide such items for effective utilization in secondary schools. Individual sports are sports that can be played individually. Example of such sports are table tennis, lawn tennis badminton, field and track events Judo Tekwondo while team sports are ball games such as Volleyball, Handball, Basketball, Football, Cricket Hockey etc.

Provision and utilization of sports facilities and equipment in secondary school P.E activities as they affect school sports programme is an applied programme which focuses on ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the utilization of human, materials, monies and machines. Jamerson (2010) states that facilities determine to a large extent the quality of the environment where the intramural activities take place. This statement may imply that the success and  excellence  in  school sports program hinges  on the  adequate provision of facilities and equipment. In the same vein, facilities and equipment should be maintained for their durability. Buzzle (2012) affirmed that any school whether new or old, whether small or big needs to run their physical education programmes smoothly and achieve the goals and objectives which it has set for itself. For this to happen, they must develop and provide their own management concepts, there are basically four management concepts that allow any school to take control of its destiny. These four concepts of management are: Planning, organizing, leading/directing and controlling. Planning in physical education, school programme is the foundation pillar of P.E management. It is the base upon which all other areas  of  management  are  built.  Planning  requires  administration  to  assess  where  the facilities and type of equipment are to be provided. It also es the situation of school sports programme now and where it would be in the upcoming year. From there, an appropriate course of action is determined and implemented to attain the school goals and objectives.

In physical education programme, planning is an unending course of action. There may be sudden strategies to be implemented when facing crisis. There are external factors that constantly affect a school both positively and negatively depending on the conditions a school may have to alter its course of action in accomplishing certain goals. This kind of preparation or arrangement is known as strategic planning. In strategic planning the physical education  specialists  analyses  internal  and  external  factors that  may  affect  the  school physical education programme of the  school,  its objectives and goals. Here, they will engage in a study of strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis).

This second function of management is to organize. Management must organize all its resources before hand to put into practice the course action which has been decided upon in the base function of planning. In this case, management will now determine the inside directorial  configuration,  establish  and  maintain  relationships and  also  assign  required resources. While determining the inside directorial configuration, P.E managers ought to look  at  different  division  or  departments  during  planning  and  provision  of  physical education facilities and equipment. They must also ensure the harmonization of staff and try to find out the best way to handle the important tasks and reduce unnecessary expenditure. The principal in collaboration with physical education specialists determines how the students should be participating in the P.E activities according to  its needs. The third function of management of P.E facilities and equipment is to lead and direct. Working under this function helps the school P.E management in controlling and supervising the action of students. This helps them in assisting the staff to achieve the desired physical education goals and accomplish their individual career goals which can be powered by motivation. It is   very   important   to   maintain   a   productive   working   environment,   build   positive interpersonal relationships and engage in problem solving. This can only be done effectively with proper communication, understanding the communication process and working on areas that need improvement helps managers become more effective communicators.

The final function of management of P.E. facilities and equipment is to control. In an effort to solve performance problems, management should set high standards. They should clearly speak to the students or group of individuals that has problem in the contrary, if there

are inadequate resources or other external factors which prevent high standard from being attained; management has to  lower their  standard as per requirement. This controlling process in comparison with other three is a continuous process.

Weiskopt (2010) observed that physical education is one of the oldest forms of education because man’s development has never been disassociated from physical activities. This phase of education is gained through sports and other kinds of physical activities which necessitate the use of the large fundamental muscles of the body, to promote the physical and social development as well as the mental well-being of the individual.

Ikhioya (2011) stated that provision of P.E facilities involves the effective manipulation of (4 ms) in sport-men, materials, money and machines. In this case, men refers to athletes, officials, fans, and spectators materials are sport facilities and equipment, money is the fund available for sports and machines refer to score board, auto equipment and sports goods. Egbo (2010) stressed that when P.E facilities and equipment are properly managed their life span is prolonged and some form of unnecessary cost is saved.

Smith and Schutz (2011) suggested facilities and equipment should be in secondary schools and managed in such a way that every child must have opportunity to participate in any of the moral sports programmes. This has to be done by giving students proper and co- odinated orientation about the values and after school recreational importance of physical education and sports.

Morakiroyo (2011) states that utilization of P.E. facilities and equipments is a social phenomenon that has grown from its humble beginning of being an entertainment and recreation to becoming a viable and prominent business phenomenon that could no more be ignored in the social, political and economic environment of any nation. P.E. have existed to become a big organization that one frequently reads about in the news media. This latest development can be classified as favourable. Without effective management, it  will be almost  impossible to form any type of organization where they are formal; it  will not function effectively and efficiently.

According to Covell, Walker, Siciliano and Hess (2010) a sports manager is that person (male or female) that is charged with the responsibility of harnessing human and

material resources available for sports to enhance sports participation, development and excellence.  This  personality  has  many  nomenclatures  such  as  games  master/mistress, college coach/sports coordinators. Equipment is not an end on its self but a means to an end. It is a continuous process or trying to optimize performance by taking into consideration the past, present and future in order to advance reasons for poor performance and proffer appropriate solutions.

Oseni  (2011)  stated  that  proper  provision  and  utilization  of  school  physical education facilities and equipment constitutes an important part of school management. That means   that   physical   education   facilities   and   equipment   maintenance   intellectually demanding job and therefore require combined talent and activity of sports administrator. The   effective   management   of   the   existing   resources   would   demand   that   school administrators make  appropriate policies,  objectives and  programmes towards ensuring adequate facility utilization and maintenance culture. It also demands that administrators will at the same time conduct regular inventory of school physical education facilities and equipment which would help them to make necessary report and initiate necessary action.

Abikoye (2010) described P.E equipment and facilities to the site where school sports programmes and activities take place or the environment where the school sports curriculum is implemented. It can be said to be physical expression of the school sports programmes  which can mean a consciously designed and controlled environment with the sole aim of promoting participation in physical education and sports activities within the school. It  is the putting together of facilities to protect the physical well-being of the individuals associated with sports.

Olson (2010) observed that provision and utilization of P.E. facility and equipment provision  in  secondary school are  ensured  by  constant  consolidation of  materials  and technological basis of physical education movement, the provision of P.E equipment and facilities as well as the mass participation in P.E activities, also important are planned desire to teachers and coaches in specialized higher and secondary educational institutions and regular physical examination for students that participate in physical education and sports. Physical education is becoming increasingly important in society. This is because it helps to

minimize the distinctions between sedentary and physical labour, raises labour productivity, improves  health  and  promotes  physical  culture  and  sports.  Inspite  the  importance  of physical  education  in  the  schools,  compulsory  school  activities  tend  to  stress  the management of physical education facilities and equipment thereby making proper overall physical education impossible.

Walker (2010) stated that provision and utilization of P.E facility are important for the overall development of the human personality. Physical education and sports means bodily education such as is given in schools of gymnastics and by military exercise. The youths are particularly in need of joy of life and cheerfulness. Provision of P.E facilities and equipment  in  secondary  schools  will  result  to  healthy  sports  ,  such  as  gymnastics, swimming, excursions, physical exercise of every description. Participating in physical education and sports has to start from an early age because it leads to harmonious development of person moral, intellectual, and physical qualities

Provision of physical education facilities and equipment is important means and method of physical education activities. The competitive nature of sports is also important in education and systematic physical training is necessary for high achievement in sports.

Wofford (2010) posited that research and evaluation in physical education and sports should make for the progress of all forms of sports and help to bring about an improvement in the health and safety of participations as well as in training methods and organization and management procedures. Scientific research whose social implications in the management of physical education  facilities  and  equipment  should  not  be  overlooked but  must  be oriented in such a way that it does not allow of improper applications to physical education and sport.

Popke (2010) stated that it is through provision and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment that cooperation and the pursuit of mutual interest in the universal language of physical education and sport could be achieved. Proper management and good orientation of the importance of participation in physical education and sports will help to contribute to the preservation of lasting peace of the organic systems of the body, mutual respect,  and  friendship  among  participants.  Physical  education  facility  management  is

intended to strengthen ones health and harmoniously develop the body. It improves ones physical attributes and skills; helps develop and perfect motor skills necessary in everyday life and work and eventually deed to physical perfection.

Miller  (2010)  posited that  the  dividend  which  provision and  utilization  of P.E facilities and equipment yields are physical exercises (specially selected natural movements and series of movements such as those used in gymnastics and track and field), Various sports and hardening of the body using healthful natural fork such as air, sun, and water. Also important are the observance of healthful habits at work and in daily life and mastering of special knowledge and skills for exercising and maintaining personal and public hygiene. The   goals,   content,   management   and   of   physical   education  stimulate   interest   in participation.

Abikoye (2010) stressed that physical education facility provision is closely linked with intellectual, moral and aesthetic upbringing, labour training and poly-technical education. The goal of physical education is to train, physically developed, healthy, active young generation with harmoniously developed physical and intellectual skills. In primitive society it existed in the form of physical exercise, games and competitions based on the movements used in work, hunting and battle. These competitions reflect various rituals. In primitive society strength and endurance physical education and sport should consequently be assured and guaranteed for all  human beings. Despite the broad scale  international scientific evidence on the values of physical activities for young peoples, physical education in schools appears to be in a perilous position in all regions of the world. Some national governments have proposed and are proposing, either removal of physical education from the curriculum or reduced curriculum time allocation.

Fawcett (2010) noted that provision and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment was part of education programme in countries of the Far East. Ancient Greece and Rome, and the states of Transacucasia central Asia, Physical education became education became a system for training the youth of the ruling class for civil and military service. It was taught at home as well as in the State educational institutions and the army. In Feudal society, physical education was a basic part of knightly or princely upbringing and

consisted  of  horseback riding,  fencing,  and  archery,  swimming  hunting,  wresting  and military and athletic games. With successful management of physical education facilities and equipment physical education spread among various strata of the urban and surrounding peasant populations. On holidays, contests were held among the towns people in running, wrestling, fencing, archery and ball games. It is therefore incumbent on all institutions responsible for physical education facility management and sport to promote a consistent, overall and decentralized plan of action in the frame work of life long education so as to allow for continuity and co-ordination between compulsory physical activities and those practiced freely and spontaneously.

Odigbo (2010) classified physical education facilities as areas of spaces in which a physical education class may be held. They may be sited indoors or outdoors and outdoor when they are located outside. Examples of facilities are; football field, basketball courts, swimming pool, lawn tennis court etc.

Jackson (2010) adduced that the term equipment in physical education means terms that  are  more  or  less  fixed  in  nature.  They  are  long  lasting  items  and  need  period replacement. Physical education equipment are goal posts, high jump stands swinging rings, parallel bars etc. supplies in physical education are expendable items which have limited time in use. These are balls, nets, vests, pants, boots canvas, shuttle corks, and stockers.

Physical education facilities and equipment that are planned refers to construction of standard facilities and equipment such as football field, Handball court, volleyball court, swimming  pool  shot  put,  discus,  javel  etc  for  secondary  schools.  Physical  education facilities that are utilized are those facilities that are provided and functional for the practice of physical education programme in secondary schools. Planning, provision ad utilization of physical education facilities equipment and supplies are essential pre-requisites to good and impressive performance. The provision of adequate facilities, equipment and supplies used; by many often constitute managerial problems. Traditionally at the secondary schools, level facilities, and equipment provision are usually the responsibilities of these persons who are in-charge of physical education and sports programme. These include the principals, professional physical education teachers, physical education curriculum planner etc. The

facilities for which they are responsible include outdoor facilities such as playground, pools, courts and fields indoor facilities such as locker and shower rooms, racket, sport courts, weight and exercise rooms, arenas, climbing walls and gymnasium.

provision and utilization of facilities, supplies and equipment not only the effective scheduling, operation and maintenance of such facilities and equipment but also at times planning  new  structures  to  keep  pace  with  the  demand  for  participation  in  physical education and sports programme of the school. Nkanu Education Zone is one out of six education zones in Enugu State. It comprised three local government areas of Enugu state. The Local Governments are Nkanu West, Nkanu East and Enugu South.

Statement of the Problem

The secondary school physical education programme is characterized by individual and life time sports as well as by team game activities. This emphasis, together with the popularity of recreational and interscholastic sport, and the fact that facilities, supplies and equipment are typically needed for recreational use, the cost of P.E. materials and labour are rising as a result  of inflation. Physical education supplies are those  materials that  are expendable and have to be replaced at frequent intervals such as shuttle cocks, tennis balls while P.E facilities and equipment refers to those items that are not considered expendable but are used for period of years such as parallel bars, volley ball stands, soccer goal posts strength training equipment: these listed physical education materials needs to be considered in the managerial budgeting of the sports administrator. Today many public primary and secondary schools in Nigeria may not be proud of good and quality physical education facilities,  equipment  and  supplies  in  their  school  environment  for  students  towards improving this situation, many contradictors with some ministry of education personnel are ready to frustrate that government effort.

However, the  major  problem in  Nigerian secondary school success  in  physical education  and  sports  participation are  sub-standard  facilities  and  lack  of provision of physical education facilities and also lack maintenance culture. Effective physical education administrator  requires  organizational  and  administrative  variables  such  as  personnel,

facilities, equipment, fiancé, incentives, planning, scheduling and training. As it is now, it is impossible to achieve satisfactory results from athletes whose training facilities and equipment are inadequate or of sub standard. The scarcity of physical education facilities equipment and supplies constitute big problem in the successful administration, provision, organization and management of physical education and sports in Nigeria. Secondary school students  would  have  performed  better  in  P.E.  if  they  have  half  of  the  facilities  and equipment available to the Western world.

Planning for physical education facilities and equipment in secondary schools is a legally required programme for boys and girls at least for part of the period of compulsory school attendance, provision of physical education facilities and equipment that emphasizes knowledge and skills for life of physical activity. Keep students active for most of the class time provide many different physical activity choices that  meant  needs of all students especially those who are not authentically gifted. Provision of physical education facilities and equipment in secondary schools helps the students to utilize them. This help to develop students self confidence and eliminates practices that humiliates students and teachers self management skills such as goal setting and self monitoring.

Under normal circumstances, physical education should be at the core of comprehensive approach to promoting physical activities through schools. All children are supposed to participate in quality physical education classes every school day. Standard for physical education explicitly identifies what students should know and be able to do as a result of a quality physical education programme these standard provides a frame work that can be used to design implement and evaluate physical education curricular. Qualified and appropriately trained  physical  teachers  are  supposed to  be  recruited  to  teach physical education. This is because they are most essential ingredient of a quality physical education porgramme.

Contrary to the above stated ideal situation, physical educations have some threatening prevailing situation. Physical education is not seen as a priority in secondary schools. It is under sever attack and faces competition for time within the school curriculum often physical education is being taught by men professional teachers with little or no

preparation in physical education methods. Additionally, budget cut backs are impacting negatively on the time and resources required to teach a quality physical education P.E program does  not  meet  with  statutory  expectations.  Often,  time  allocated  to  physical education is reduced in hours. Parents attached little importance to physical education and continue to decrease its importance by reducing space for the subject and not providing facilities for the  practice of physical education. However, due to  lack  of training and exposure some people see physical education as a waste of time.

Physical education lessons are often canceled to give way for other school subjects. It is not uncommon for physical education teachers to be asked to give over their class in order that other subject teachers may use the time for extra preparation at examination time. Image of the physical education that perseveres with the schools management and other teaching staff renders it as a marginal subject not worthy of valuable timetable space. It is a common practice in secondary schools to offer physical education in junior classes but none at all in senior secondary school class. Whereas physical education is a WAEC and NECO subject  like other school subjects. More so,  in many secondary school P.E Equipment provision consists of one volley- ball, a basketball and a football.

The reality of physical education in secondary school is partially attributed to lack of facilities. Ninety percent of the schools in Nkanu education zone do not have gymnasia or physical education programme.

It is against the background of perceived threats to physical education that this study was carried out, the purpose being to brindge the gap between the ideal and prevailing situation.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to investigate the provision and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment in the secondary schools in Nkanu Education zone. Specifically the study will determine:-

1)        physical education facilities for team sports that are planned for in system in

Nkanu Education Zone;

2)        physical  education  facilities  for  team  sports  that  are  provided  in  Nkanu

Education Zone;

3)        physical education facilities for team sports that are utilized in Nkanu Education

Zone;

4)         physical education equipment for team and individual sports that are planned for in Nkanu education Zone;

5)         physical education equipment for individual and team sports that are provided for in Nkanu education Zone; and

6)        physical education equipment for team and individual sports that are utilized in

Nkanu education Zone.

Research Questions

1.         What are the Physical Education Facilities for team sports that are planned for in secondary schools in Nkanu Education Zone?

2.         What are the Physical Education Facilities for team and individual sports that are provided for?

3.         what are the Physical Education Facilities for team and individual sports that are utilized  in Nkanu Education Secondary School

4.         What is Physical Education Equipment for team and individual sports that are provided for secondary school in Nkanu Education Zone?

5.         What is Physical Education Equipment for individual and team sports that are planned for secondary school in Nkanu Education Zone?

6.        What is Physical Education Equipment that is utilized in secondary schools in

Nkanu Education Zone?

Hypothesis

1.         There is no significant difference in the mean response of principals and physical education  teachers  on  the  provision  of  physical  education  facilities  and equipment in Nkanu education zone secondary schools.

2.         There is no significant difference in the mean response of principal and physical education teachers on the utilization of physical education facilities and equipment in secondary schools..

Significance of the Study

Provision and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment  practiced by well qualified physical education specialists guarantees secondary school students a fundamental right of access. to physical education and sport which are essential for the full development of thier.personality. The freedom to develop physical, intellectual and moral powers through physical education and sports will be achieved both with the educational system and other aspects of social life.

Provision of and utilization of physical education, facilities and equipment in urban and rural secondary school is a fundamental right for students. Students must

have full opportunities in accordance with his national tradition of sport for practicing physical  education  and  sport,  developing  his  physical  fitness  attaining  a  level  of achievement in sport which corresponds to his gifts. Experiences gathered by the researcher from the management of P.E equipment and facilities both in urban secondary schools and rural schools will help to make opportunities available for young people, including children and the handicapped to develop their personalities to the full through physical education and sports programmes suited to their requirements. Plans for rural and urban development include  provision  for  long  term  needs  in  the  matter  of  installations  of  facilities  and equipment for physical education and sport taking into account the opportunities offered by the natural environment.

The study is significant because it will contribute to the maintenance and improvement of health, provide a wholesome leisure time occupation and enable man to overcome the draw backs of modem living. At the community level they enrich social relationship and develop fair play, which is essential not only to sport itself but also to life in society. To students, it will help to provide skills and knowledge for employment in sports, physical activities, recreation and leisure.

Provision of and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment as an essential dimension of education will help to develop the abilities, will power and self discipline of both students in Boys secondary schools and that of Girls secondary school in the process of education in general, the study is equally important because provision of physical education and sports programme must by virtue of both their content and their timetable, help to create habits and behavior pattern conducive to full development of the human personality. Coaches, sports coordinates, sports instructors will benefit from the research because the studies will expose to them the most effective and inclusive means of providing all children with the skills, attitude, values, knowledge and understanding for long life participation activities and sports.

Parents and students will also benefits from this study because the research from this study will give correct orientation on whether physical education provides skills and knowledge for employment  in sport, physical activities recreation and  leisure. Positive solution to misconception will encourage participation and good P.E management. It will also  help  ministers  of  education,  commissioners  of  education  and  non  governmental agencies to recognize the distinctive role P.E and sports play in the education of young people. This will encourage mass participation and funding of physical education materials by the government.

Scope of the Study

The study will focus on the provision and utilization of physical education facilities and equipment in secondary schools in Nkanu Education zone of Enugu State. It will be delimited  to  facilities  and  equipment  for  individual and  team sports  in  public  funded secondary schools in the Education Zone.

The  study will  determine:  Physical  education  facilities  and  equipment  that  are planned  in  Nkanu education zone.  P.E  facilities  and  equipment that  are  provided P.E facilities and equipment that are utilized

Geographical scope

Nkanu education zone comprised of schools in Nkanu West, Nkanu East and Enugu South Local Governments of Enugu State.

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