SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL SPORTS AMDINISTRATORS IN AWKA EDUCATION ZONE OF ANAMBRA STATE

Abstract

The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to  ascertain  the  socio-  demographic correlates of job satisfaction among secondary school

sports administrators in Awka Education Zone of Anambra State. The study was guided by eleven specific purposes and eleven corresponding research questions.

Six null hypotheses were also postulated and verified at .05 level of significance. A cross-sectional survey design was employed to generate data for the study. The population for the study comprised the sixty two secondary school sports

administrators in the zone. The entire population was utilized for the study as there was no need for sampling given the number of respondents within the

population. A validated structured four point Likert type questionnaire adopted from the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (1977) was utilized for data collection. The generated data were analysed using mean and simple regression

statistics. The study revealed that: The secondary school sports administrators in Awka Education Zone of Anambra State were not satisfied with payment, promotion, and nature of work itself and this led to their low job satisfaction. It

also revealed that the sports administrators were, however, satisfied with supervision and ‘relation with co-workers’ which revealed that they were not part of the factors that laid to low job satisfaction of the sports administrators. It was

further revealed that age, marital status, level of education, gender, years of working experience and location had  no statistically significant relationship with job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators. Following from

these findings and the conclusions there from, relevant recommendations were made.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background to the Study

The happier people are with their jobs, the more satisfied they are said to be (Weiss, 2002). Job, according to Hornby (2001) refers to work in which one receives regular payment. This implies that job must involve work and if the person does not receive a regular pay at the end of the work, it is no longer a job. An important feature of work is expectation of future reward which could be by way of payment. The effectiveness of an employee depends substantially on his or her level of job satisfaction.

Arches (1991) defined job satisfaction as the positive and pleasurable feelings and attitudes determined by the extent to which an individual perceives his or her job as fulfilling his or her needs. Spector   (1997) considered job satisfaction to be a global feeling about the job or as a related constellation of attitudes about various aspects or facets of  the job. In the same vein, Brief (1998) defined job satisfaction as an internal plot that is expressed by affectively and or cognitively evaluating an experienced job with some degree of favour or disfavour. Keshtkaran (2005) viewed job satisfaction as a product of harmony of one’s positive individual attitudes towards his or her work and capability of the individual within his or her duties and with the working conditions governing the job. In the present study, job satisfaction is the overall view and feeling of sports administrators towards their job or specific aspects of their job.

Warr, Cook and Wall (1979) viewed job satisfaction as a bi- dimensional construct consisting of intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction

dimensions. Supporting this, D’Addio, Eriksson and Frijters (2008) observed that  one’s  job  satisfaction can  be  determined after  the assessment of the intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics. They further explained that the intrinsic characteristics are concerned with job content, work intensity, risk of ill-health or injury, and relationship with co-workers and managers. According to them, the extrinsic job characteristics are concerned with financial rewards, working time, work or life balance, job security, and opportunities for promotion. This  implies that  job  satisfaction of  sports  administrators can  be determined by assessing the intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics.

Roznowski and Hulin (1995) pointed out that the most important information to have regarding an employee is a validated measure of his or her level of job satisfaction. This is in line with the views of Luddy (2005)   who noted that organizations are interested in assessing  the  current  state  of  their  employees’  job  satisfaction. Hence the need to establish the socio-demographic correlates of job satisfactions among Sports Administrators.

Cherrington (1994) asserted that high job satisfaction of employees contribute to organizational commitment, job involvement, improved physical and mental health, and improved quality of worker’s life both on and off the job. Job satisfaction according to Abdullah, Shuib, Muhamad, Khalid, Nor and Jauhar (2007) is  an important element influencing firm’s performance. According to them, high level of job satisfaction will produce a positive attitude towards job commitment, which in turn can reduce the level of absenteeism, termination  of  service,  negligence  at  work,  and  increase  effort towards work excellence and productivity. This implies that high job

satisfaction of sports administrators will contribute to their job commitment and involvement

On the other hand, Price (1977) noted that employees with low

job satisfaction have a high likelihood to quit their job. This is supported  by  Shaw  (1999)  who  reported  that  there  is  a  high inclination for an individual to quit job if his or her level of job satisfaction is low. Additionally, employees in such a situation are also likely to absent themselves from work (Macshane, 1984). This implies that low job satisfaction of sports administrators will contribute to their absenteeism, negligence and finally quitting their job.

Wikipedia foundation (2006) unveiled that one of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne studies. These studies, he opined, sought to find the effects of various conditions on workers productivity. They ultimately showed that novel changes in the work conditions temporarily increase productivity. It was later found that this increase resulted not from new conditions but from the knowledge of being observed. This implies that apart from pay, people work for other purposes as well. This paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction and the importance of ensuring job satisfaction of workers.

Some factors obviously affect job satisfaction. Sencer (1982) identified social factors influencing job satisfaction to include wage, management policy, security, working conditions, possibilities of promotion, gaining respect, achievement and use of talent. Jayaratne (1993) acknowledged security, wage, management policy, possibility of promotion, and gaining respect as factors affecting job satisfaction. In the same vein, Kose (1995) identified social relations, wage, size

of the organization and self-development as the social factors influencing job satisfaction. The factors affecting job satisfaction can be divided into personal and organizational factors (Nel, Van Dyke, Haasbroek, Schuttz, Sono and Werner, 2004). In the same context, Wikipedia Foundation (2006) opined that  a  wide  range of social, cultural, organizational and environmental factors affect the level of job satisfaction. Hence the need to study some of these social factors as they relate to job satisfaction of the sports administrators.

Quarstein, Mc Afee and Glassman (1993) also stated that job satisfaction is largely influenced by an individual’s demographic factors, such as marital status, gender, age and work experience. Other demographic factors that influence job satisfaction include intelligence, school type and school setting (Adebayo, 1993); size of district and ethnicity (Mc Cann, 2001); nationality, religion and level of school (Khin Su, 2004); and type of appointment (Keshtkaran, 2005). However, this study will focus on the influence of payment, co- workers, supervision, promotion, nature of work, age, gender, marital status, level of education, years of experience and location on job satisfaction among  sports  administrators. These  variables  will  be covered because they have been studied among other employees outside sports setting. These factors could be regarded as correlates.

Correlate, according to Hornby (2001) refers to a close connection between two or more facts or figures. Encyclopedia Americana (2004) refers to correlate as “to have a mutual relationship”. According to this source, to stand in correlation implies “to place in or bring into mutual relation or orderly connection”. In other words, such phenomena must be “mutually related”. On the

other hand the BBC English Dictionary (1992) defined correlate in this manner “if  one thing correlates with  another or if  two things are correlated, they are closely connected or influence each other”. Correlate in the present study, refers to a close connection between some factors (social and demographic) and sports administrator’s level of job satisfaction.

The word “social” according to Encyclopedia Americana (2004) simply means “pertaining to society, related to man living in society or to the public as an aggregate body”

Explaining the concept of demography, Encyclopedia Americana (2004) refers to it as “the science of statistics on population  such   as   records  of   births,  deaths,  marriages  and diseases”. It further stressed that demography is equally concerned with number of people in a location as well as their composition by age and sex.

Socio-demographic factors in relation to man’s job satisfaction concerns the influence of payment, co-workers, supervision, promotion, nature  of  work,    age,  gender, marital  status, level  of education, years of experience and location on the person’s level of job satisfaction. Hence these socio-demographic factors will be studied in relation to job satisfaction among Sports Administrators.

Elendu (2006) defined  a school sports administrator as either a professional or non-professional person in sports, a staff of the school who has the right and responsibility of organizing sports for members of the school. According to him, sports administrator is used inter changeably  and  synonymously  with  games  master  and  games-

mistress. The above definition of sports administrator will be adopted for the present study.

Murray and Atkinson (1981) reported that females attach more

importance to social factors, while males place greater value on pay, advancement and other extrinsic aspects of job satisfaction. Tang and Talpade (2000) maintained that there is a significant difference between males and females in terms of job dimensions impacting on job satisfaction. According to them, men tend to have higher satisfaction with remuneration in relation to females, while females tend to have higher satisfaction with co-workers than males. United States Sports Academy (2006) observed that there is a statistically significant difference between male and female athletic trainers in their job satisfaction. Luddy (2005) reported that there is a significant relationship between gender and job satisfaction. Similarly, Keshtkaran (2005) found that female workers are more satisfied with their job than their male colleagues. This implies that gender may have a significant relationship with job satisfaction of sports administrators generally and those in Awka Education Zone in particular.

On the relationship of level of education with job satisfaction, Griffin, Dunber and Mc Gill (1978) stated that workers with higher educational level would tend to be more satisfied with their job than workers with lower educational level. According to Kirk (1988), educational level is  a  significant demographic factor affecting job satisfaction. KhMetle (2003) found that strong relationship existed between  the  level  of  education and  job  satisfaction. Also  United States  Sports  Academy (2006)  reported  that  there  is  statistically

significant difference in athletic director’s job satisfaction based on educational level. In the same vein, Crossman and Abou-Zaki (2003) found that significant relationship existed between job satisfaction and education. They further reported that employees in possession of a school certificate had lowest level of job satisfaction while employees with college certificate had the highest level of job satisfaction. Level of education of sports administrators in Awka Education Zone may have significant relationship with their job satisfaction.

Punjabi (1985) revealed that married professionals are more satisfied  with  their  jobs  than  unmarried professionals. Jamal  and Baba (1992) found a significant relationship between job satisfaction and marital status. In the same vein, Kuo and Chen (2004) affirmed marital status to be highly related to job satisfaction. According to them, married employees experienced high level of job satisfaction in comparison to single employees. On the contrary, Luddy (2005) reported  that  there  is  no  significant  relationship  between  marital status and job satisfaction. He however, maintained that there is a significant difference between married and single workers’ job satisfaction in terms of the nature of work, salary or payment, promotion, supervision and co-workers. This implies that the marital status of sports administrators may or may not significantly correlate with their job satisfaction.

Buzawa (1984) stated that age is a significant demographic factor affecting job satisfaction. According to Punjabi (1985), age was found to be a positive correlate of job satisfaction. Greenberg and Baron (1995) reported that older employees are generally happier

with their job than the younger ones. This view is supported by Drafke and Kossen (2002) who stated that job satisfaction increases with age, as older workers have more work experience and realistic view of work and life in comparison to their younger counterparts. According to them, young workers have less experience to draw on and have an idealistic view of what work should be like. Oshagbemi (2003) also found that the relationship between job satisfaction and age is significant. Okpara (2004), and Luddy (2005) affirmed that there is a significant relationship between age and job satisfaction. Moreso, United States Sports Academy (2006) observed that there is statistically significant difference in athletic trainer’s job satisfaction based on age. This implies that age may significantly correlate with job satisfaction of sports administrators in Awka Education Zone.

Punjabi (1985) opined that years of experience correlated positively and significantly with job satisfaction Greenberg and Baron (1995) noted that people who are more experienced in their jobs are more highly satisfied than those who are less experienced. United State Sports Academy (2006) reported that there is a statistically significant difference in athletic trainer’s job satisfaction based on years of experience. In disagreement however, Keshtkaran (2005) found that years of experience had no significant relationship with the employee’s satisfaction with nature of work, salary, promotion, managers, and colleagues. This implies that years of experience of sports administrators may or may not significantly correlate with their job satisfaction.

Awka Education Zone is  one of the six education zones in

Anambra State. It is made up of five local government areas namely:

Anaocha, Awka  North, Awka  South,  Dunukofia and  Njikoka. The Zone has  a  total  of  sixty two  (62)  secondary schools  which are government owned. These schools have sports administrators working alongside other workers in the school. Hence the need to ascertain the socio-demographic correlates of job satisfaction among sports administrators in this education zone.

Statement of Problem

Sports administrators constitute a  very vital  factor in  sports programming and contribute meaningfully to the over all growth and development in sports. To play this role effectively, a high level of job satisfaction needs to be maintained with them which should be evidenced in their enthusiasm and zeal in embracing their functions.

In the present circumstances one easily notices a lukewarm attitude to duty which has led to very poor performance of Anambra State athletes both at the State and National Sports Festivals over the years. This seems to confirm the observations of Okoro (2001) who noted that most of the sports administrators in Anambra State have a laissez-faire attitude towards their job. This also could be a pointer to low job satisfaction level of the sports administrators particularly secondary school sports administrators in Anambra State. What is the sports administrators level of job satisfaction in relation to payment, co-workers, supervision, promotion and work itself? How do the sports administrators’   age, gender, marital status, level of education, years of experience, and school location relate to their job satisfaction? Answers to these questions need to be found. There is therefore need for this study since, to the best of the knowledge of

the researcher, no empirical study has been conducted to ascertain the  socio-demographic correlates of  job satisfaction of  secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone. This is the main thrust of this study.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study was to ascertain the socio- demographic correlates of job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone. Specifically, the study sought to determine the relationship between:

1.      payment and job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone.

2.      promotion opportunity and job satisfaction among the sports

administrators in the zone.

3.      supervision    and    job    satisfaction    among    the    sports administrators in the zone.

4.      the relation with co-workers and job  satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone.

5.      work itself and job satisfaction among the sports administrators in Awka education zone

6.      age  and  job  satisfaction  among  secondary  school  sports

administrators in the zone.

7.      marital   status   and   job   satisfaction   among   the   sports administrators in the zone.

8.      level of education and job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka zone.

9.      gender and job satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone.

10.    years  of  experience  and  job  satisfaction  among  the  sports

administrators in Awka zone.

11.    school    location    and    job    satisfaction    among    sports administrators in the zone.

Research Questions

The following research questions were posed to guide the study.

1.      What is the relationship between payment and job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone?

2.      What is the relationship between promotion opportunities and

job satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone?

3.      What   is   the   relationship   between   supervision   and   job satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone?

4.      What is the relationship between “relation with co-workers” and job satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone?

5.      What is the relationship between work itself and job satisfaction among the sports administrators in Awka education zone?

6.      What  is  the  relationship  between  age  and  job  satisfaction

among secondary school sports administrators in the zone?

7.      What  is  the  relationship  between  marital  status  and  job satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone?

8.      What is the relationship between level of education and job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone?

9.      What is the relationship between gender and job satisfaction among the sports administrators in the zone?

10.    What is the relationship between years of experience and  job

satisfaction among the sports administrators in Awka education zone?

11.    What  is  the  relationship  between  school  location  and  job satisfaction among sports administrators in the zone?

Hypothesis

The following null hypotheses were  postulated and each  of them verified at .05 level of significance.

1.      Age  has no  significant relationship with job satisfaction among secondary  school  sports  administrators  in  Awka  education zone.

2.      Marital   status   has   no   significant   relationship   with   job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone.

3.      Level  of  education  has  no  significant  relationship  with  job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone.

4.      Gender  has  no  significant  relationship  with  job  satisfaction

among secondary school sports administrators in the zone.

5.      Years  of  experience has no significant relationship with job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone.

6.      School   location   has   no   significant   relationship   with   job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators in Awka education zone.

Significance of the Study

The finding on the relationship between payment and job satisfaction among the sports administrators may be  of immense benefit to the Government and school proprietors. It may help them to know whether to sustain or improve on the payments to the sports administrators.

The finding on the influence of promotion on the sports administrators may be of immense benefit to the Government and school proprietors. It may reveal the need for regular promotion and consequently enable them to put more effort to either sustain or improve on the promotional opportunities of the sports administrators.

The finding on the influence of supervision on the sports administrators’ job satisfaction may be beneficial to the Government and school authorities. It may help them to have an idea of the result of their supervision on the sports administrators. This may enable them to  either improve or  sustain their supervision of  the sports administrators.

The finding on sports administrators’ satisfaction with co- workers may be significant to the workers and the school authorities. It may help the workers to ascertain whether the sports administrators are satisfied with them or not. This may then enable them to improve or sustain their relationship with the sports administrators. The finding

may help the school authorities to organize workshops and seminars aimed  at  either  encouraging  or  strengthening  the  relationship between the sports administrators and their co-workers.

The finding on sports administrators’ satisfaction with work itself may be useful to the school authorities. It may enable them to make provisions for a more or less challenging work and activities for the sports administrators.

The  finding  on  the  relationship of  age  with  job  satisfaction among the sports administrators may be helpful to the school authorities. It may guide them during appointment of sports administrators. In other words, it may enable them decide which age group of sports administrators to appoint.

The finding on the relationship between marital status and job satisfaction among sports administrators may also be beneficial to the school authorities. It will serve as a guide to their decision on who to appoint as the sports administrator based on one’s marital status namely:- single or married.

The finding on the relationship between the level of education and job satisfaction among sports administrators may benefit the school authorities. It  will  serve as  a  guide for them  when taking decision on who to appoint as the sports administrators based on the person’s level of education.

The finding on the relationship between gender and job satisfaction among secondary school sports administrators may be beneficial to the school authorities. They may be availed with information that will serve as a guide to them in appointment of sports

administrators. It may help them to know whether to appoint a man or woman as their sports administrator.

Finally the finding on the relationship between the years of

experience and job satisfaction among the sports administrators may be significant to the school authorities. It may serve as a guide to the school authorities when appointing sports administrators. They may be in a better position to know who to appoint based on the person’s years of experience.

Scope of the Study

The study was delimited to the socio-demographic correlates of job  satisfaction  among  secondary school  sports  administrators in Awka education zone. The study examined such social correlates of job satisfaction as payment, promotion, supervision, relationship with co-workers and nature of work itself. The study was also delimited to the demographic factors namely: age, marital status, level of education, gender, years of experience and location.

The study was also delimited to Awka education zone of Anambra State. Awka education zone is one of the six education zones in Anambra State of Nigeria. It is made up of five local government areas namely: Anaocha, Awka North, Awka South, Dunukofia and Njikoka Local Government Areas. Awka education zone has a total of sixty two (62)   government owned   secondary schools.

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