THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG YOUTH

CHAPETR ONE

INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

 

 

Abstract

This study is set to examine the causes and consequences of cigarette smoking among youths in Dutsinma local government Area of Katsina State. The study examined the factors responsible for youth involvement in cigarette smoking and its effect on the health and general well-being of youths in the study area. The study employed the quantitative and qualitative research methods to obtain data from the respondents. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select 100 respondents for the study.  Questionnaires and indepth interviews methods were used to obtain data from the respondents. Findings of the study revealed that the major factors responsible for cigarette smoking among youths include the need to feel sociable, to chase bore-dam and to feel warm. It was also discovered that smoking carried a lot of consequences ranging from health related issues, to possibility to influence youths into anti-social behaviour. The study recommended that policy frameworks be draw up by the government towards discouraging tobacco companies from operating in the country. also, public enlightenment and sensitization on the negative effect of cigarette should be stepped up

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study

Smoking is a practice in which a substances such as, tobacco, marijuana or cannabis is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled Akintaro (2015). It is primarily practiced as a route of administration for recreation of drug use, as combustion release the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can be done as a part of rituals to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment, (Lock, Reyndds and Tansey, 1998). Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. In recent times, tobacco smoking is by far the most popular form of smoking ahead of pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies resulting in nearly 2 billion people, that is a third of the world’s population being exposed to pulmonary tuberculosis pathogen (Philips 2010; World Health Organization, 2002).

Smoking is one of the most common addictions of modern times. It has been implicated as an etiological agent for various chronic diseases, including a variety of infection, cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness such as chronic obstacle pulmonary disease, that have impairment in the balance between cells growth and cells death, which, put together, are leading the cause of morbidity and mortality in today society (Zhonget al, 2008; Mehta et al, 2008). Unless smoking cigarette patterns are reserve, the world health organization estimated that by 2020-2030, cigarette smoking will be responsible for 10million death per year, with 70percent of them occurring in the developing counties like Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Egypt, Senegal and many other countries in Asia, Latin America (WHO 2001; Suriyaproum et al.; 2007).

Smoking has been shown to be a leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity resulting in several millions of deaths globally. It has been predicted that if the pattern currently seen among youth continues, a lifetime of tobacco use would result in the deaths of 250 million children and young people alive today, most of them in developing countries (WHO, 2012). National Population Commission (2009) submitted that Nigeria is one of the most populous countries in Africa, with an estimated population of 162 million people of which youth are estimated to be more than 30%. In Nigeria, the prevalence of tobacco use among adults(12.3% males < 1% in females) is generally lower than in more developed countries, however, prevalence among youth tends to be higher than among adults, a mean lifetime smoking prevalence of 26.4% was reported among secondary school students with values ranging from 7.2% to 42.9% (Odukoya, Odeyemi, Oyeyemi and Updhyay, 2013).

Cigarette smoking has been associated with an extensive list of health disorders as well as reduction of life expectancy (Detels 2002; Doll et al 2004). On the average, cigarette smokers lose about 15 years of their life (WHO 2008)  and an estimated 4 million. Smoking is associated with several failures such as negative externalities and imperfect information of the smoker. The health consequences of smoking result in huge health care expenses partly paid from public funds. In addition, the cost of medical treatment for smokers inflates health insurance premiums for everyone regardless of smoking participation. Lower labor market productivity is another result of engagement in tobacco consumption. These market failures can justify government interventions in the market for tobacco products. Youth is of particular interest for public policy makers and economists because it is the most effective group to target for smoking prevention programs and because there are some additional externalities associated with youth smoking. Almost all first use of cigarettes occurs during the high school years. At that age, consumers are either not well informed or they do not consciously process information on the health hazards of smoking. At the time, the young people are making a decision about smoking, they may not be fully aware of the health consequences of smoking. Youth typically underestimates the risk of addiction to cigarettes and mistakenly assumes that they can quit easily in a few years. In recent times, tobacco smoking is by far the most popular form of smoking ahead of pipes, cigars and chewing tobacco and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies resulting in nearly 2 billion people, that is athird of the world’s population being exposed to pulmonary tuberculosis pathogen (Philips, 2010; World Health Organization, 2002). Smoking has been shown to be a leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity resulting in several millions of deaths globally. It has been predicted that if the pattern currently seen among youth continues, a lifetime of tobacco use would result in the deaths of 250 million children and young people alive today, most of them in developing countries (WHO, 2012). National Population Commission (2009) submitted that Nigeria is one of the most populous countries in Africa, with an estimated population of 162 million people of which youth are estimated to be more than 30%. In Nigeria, the prevalence of tobacco use among adults (12.3% males<1% in female).  American cancer society (2005) stated that tobacco smoking among the youth is a public health concern because of the immediate and long-term health risks associated with tobacco use such as asthma, chronic cough, chronic obstructive airways disease, cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Adolescent tobacco use has also been linked to other risky health-related behaviours, mental health problems, suicide, motor vehicle accidents, violent crime and even dental problems (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2004). Furthermore, research on the sequence of drug use suggests that cigarette smoking may serve as a gateway to illicit drugs (Mackay and Eriksen, 2002). Tobacco use in any form is dangerous and addictive and every effort should be made to discourage its use. According to Greaves (2002); Philips (2010), substances that are smoked include: Marijuana (cannabis), Tobacco, Clarified butter (ghee), Fish offal, Dried snake skin, Pastes molded around incence sticks, Ayurveda (for medical purposes), Dhumrapana (drinking smoke). Similarly, USDHHS (2010) hinted that smoked tobacco products which may be cigarettes, pipes, cigars or hand-rolled tobacco are particularly harmful because the burning process releases a dangerous cocktail of about 7,000 chemicals of which about 70 are known carcinogens

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Smoking to so many is an act of enjoyment and fun, as it is observed that the teaming population of smokers is alarming, irrespective of the fact that the tobacco company in collaboration always warn that tobacco smokers are liable to die young and yet the appetite for smoking among Nigerian youth tend to be revitalized. It is on this backdrop that the researcher intends to investigate the dangers of tobacco smoking among youth in Nigeria.

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to investigate the dangers of tobacco smoking among Nigeria youth. But for the purposed of the study the researcher set the following objective:

1. To ascertain the dangers of tobacco smoking among the youth
2. To ascertain the relationship between tobacco smoking and health implication

• To ascertain the relationship between smoking and crime

1. To evaluate the impact of tobacco on the physical and mental well-being of the smokers
   • RESEARCH QUESTION

For the successful completion of the study, the following research questions were formulated by the researcher:

1. What are the dangers of smoking among youth?
2. Is there any health implication of smoking?

• Is there any relationship between smoking and crime

1. What are the impact of smoking on the mental well-being of the youth
   • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher

H₀: there is no significant relationship between smoking and crime

H₁: there is a significant relationship between smoking and crime

H₀²: smoking does not have any negative impact on the mental well-being of the youth

H₂: smoking does have a negative impact on the mental well-being of the youth

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is perceived that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of importance to the federal ministry of health as the findings will encouraged them on embarking on more awareness programs on the dangers of smoking, the study will also be of importance to religious bodies who will also benefit on the findings of the study to educate their congregation or followers on the dangers of smoking. The study will also be of great importance to researchers who intend to embark on study on a similar topic. Finally the study will be of great importance to the general public as the will get to know the dangers of smoking.

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the dangers of tobacco smoking among Nigerian youth. However the study has some limitation to its scope below were some of the limitation to the scope of the study:

1. a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
2. b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher have to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
3. c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Tobacco

Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus Nicotiana and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. While more than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum. The more potent variant N. rustica is also used around the world.

Nicotine

Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants. Nicotine acts as a receptor agonist at most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), except at two nicotinic receptor subunits (nAChRα9 and nAChRα10) where it acts as an receptor antagonist.^[4] Nicotine is found in the leaves of Nicotiana rustica in amounts of 2–14%, the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum, Duboisia hopwoodii and Asclepias syriaca

Smoking

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Most commonly the substance is the dried leaves of the tobacco plant which have been rolled into a small square of rice paper to create a small, round cylinder called a “cigarette“. Smoking is primarily practiced as a route of administration for recreational drug use because the combustion of the dried plant leaves vaporizes and delivers active substances into the lungs where they are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and reach bodily tissue. In the case of cigarette smoking these substances are contained in a mixture of aerosol particles and gasses and include the pharmacologically active alkaloid nicotine; the vaporization creates heated aerosol and gas to form that allows inhalation and deep penetration into the lungs where absorption into the bloodstream of the active substances occurs.

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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